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teams"},{"uid":"blt8bde058702d6cb3b","value":"/blog/culture-insight-inclusion-and-community-on-diverse-and-dispersed-teams","label":"Culture insight: inclusion and community on diverse and dispersed teams"},{"uid":"blt69b884e9465044cf","value":"/blog/serving-yourself-a-drink-in-japan","label":"Cultural don'ts: Serving yourself a drink in Japan"},{"uid":"bltecccab0a8d7ab4fe","value":"/blog/characteristics-of-high-performance-multicultural-teams","label":"Characteristics of high-performance multicultural teams"},{"uid":"blt512b83300f9c19d7","value":"/blog/culture-insight-a-business-case-for-diversity","label":"Culture insight: a business case for diversity"},{"uid":"bltbbadccdbcda768bc","value":"/blog/why-learn-a-new-language-sports","label":"Why learn a new language: Sports"}],"contentType":"blog_posts","id":"271acb2d-3b6a-52dd-9d35-49d78aeaf905","uid":"blt4017d84f2ff0fb0b","publish_details":{"locale":"en-us"},"date":"2023-03-29","date_modified":null,"modified_date_text":null,"tags":["hreflang-blog-to-be-conjugation-spanish"],"post_content":"As a native English speaker, you’re already somewhat familiar with verb conjugations. For example, you know that you do something, but your friend does something. This conjugation of the verb “to do” is something that every native English speaker can do without much effort.
\nHowever, many Spanish learners find that verb conjugations in Spanish are a whole new beast. With many conjugation rules to learn and even more irregular verbs that love to break the rules, it will take many hours of dilligent study and plenty of practice to finally nail down the conjugation of every verb.
\nBut no need to panic! Taking it slow and steady is the best way to learn all the different conjugations, and this time, we’ll spend a good amount of time going over the different conjugations for the verb “to be” in Spanish. That way, you’ll have a strong grip of this elementary verb by the time you’re done with this article!
\nLet’s get started!
\n
You may have already noticed that the verb “to be” can be translated into both the verb “ser” and the verb “estar.” That’s because Spanish has a distinction between a permanent state of being and a transitory state of being.
\nFor example, when you say that you “are angry,” does that mean that you are permanently angry? Is that an intrinsic part of who you are? No, right! It just means that someone cut you off in traffic or a customer service agent refused to give you a refund for a defective item. Perhaps it’s even worse and you’re hangry (hungry and angry)! But the commonality in all these situations is that they are transitory states. Your anger will pass no matter how badly you wanted that last almond croissant that the person in front of you ordered at the coffee shop.
\nThat’s the general way Spanish differentiates between the verbs “ser” and “estar.” However, there is a bit more nuance to this, so let’s jump right into a few more cases!
\nThe verb “ser” describes the core being or characteristic of a noun. Thus, this verb is commonly used with things that don’t change very easily, such as:
\nIf you know how to tell the time in Spanish, then you already know that the verb “ser” is used any time you need to talk about the time. It’s also used when describing when an event takes place, such as “El concierto es el viernes en la noche” (The concert is on Friday night) or “La clase es a las 10 a.m.” (The class is at 10 a.m.).
\nAny time you want to establish ownership or ask questions about the ownership of something, you’ll want to use the verb “ser.” For example, “¿De quién es este vaso?” (Whose cup is this?) or “Esta camiseta es mía” (This shirt is mine).
\nThe verb “estar” refers to the state of something rather than its intrinsic characteristics. For example, you can be a calm person and still get angry from time to time. Healthy people can catch a cold, and even the gorgeous weather of Tenerife can get stormy every now and then.
\n![\"Estoy](\"https://images.contentstack.io/v3/assets/bltacc1a01c4d280f24/blte50d391a9194a01b/642b74370e3e1212c7d671c8/pexels-andrea-piacquadio-3811663.jpg?auto=webp&format=pjpg&quality=80&\")
If you’re more of an intermediate Spanish speaker, then you might be wondering why similar situations seem to use “ser” and “estar” interchangeably. In certain contexts, the speaker has a choice between these two verbs that can give the adjective a new meaning. Let’s take a look at some of these situations.
\nMany Spanish adjectives can be used with both “ser” and “estar.” However, as you now know, “ser” has a more permanent connotation, and using it with an adjective implies an innate or unchangeable characteristic in the noun it’s describing. On the other hand, using “estar” with an adjective implies the current state of the noun — but it could change at any moment.
\nHere are some examples to help you visualize the differences:
\n| English | \nSpanish | \nPronunciation | \nIPA | \n
| I am bored. | \nEstoy aburrido. | \nehs-toy ah-boo-ree-doe | \nesˈtoj aβuˈriðo ‖ | \n
| I am a boring person. | \nSoy aburrido. | \nsoy ah-boo-ree-doe | \nˈsoj aβuˈriðo ‖ | \n
| She is very good looking. | \nElla es muy guapa. | \neh-yah ehs mooy goo-ah-pah | \nˈeʎa ˈez muj ˈɣwapa ‖ | \n
| She looks good right now. | \nElla está muy guapa. | \neh-yah ehs-tah mooy goo-ah-pah | \nˈeʎa esˈta muj ˈɣwapa ‖ | \n
| Mexico is very hot. | \nMéxico es muy caluroso. | \nmeh-he-co ehs mooy cah-loo-roe-so | \nˈmexiko ˈez muj kaluˈɾoso ‖ | \n
| Today is very hot. | \nEl día está muy caluroso. | \nelle dee-ah ehs-tah mooy cah-loo-roe-so | \nel ˈdia esˈta muj kaluˈɾoso ‖ | \n
Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings, and Spanish has many of these. Although context will usually let you find the correct one, the verb used is another way to help you identify what word is being used. Here are some examples:
\n| English | \nSpanish | \nPronunciation | \nIPA | \n
| You’re so smart! | \n¡Eres muy lista! | \neh-rehs mooy lees-tah | \nˈeɾez muj ˈlista ‖ | \n
| Are you ready? | \n¿Ya estás lista? | \nyah ehs-tahs lees-tah | \nʝa esˈtaz ˈlista ‖ | \n
| He is very arrogant. | \nÉl es muy orgulloso. | \nelle ehs mooy ore-goo-yo-so | \nˈel ˈez muj oɾɣuˈʎoso ‖ | \n
| I am very proud. | \nEstoy muy orgulloso. | \nehs-toy mooy ore-goo-yo-so | \nesˈtoj muj oɾɣuˈʎoso ‖ | \n
| Remember to pay attention to your phone. | \nRecuerda estar atento a tu teléfono. | \nreh-coo-air-dah ehs-tahr ah-ten-toe ah too teh-leh-fo-no | \nreˈkweɾða esˈtaɾ aˈtento a tu teˈlefono ‖ | \n
| Us Colombians are very solicitous. | \nLos colombianos somos muy atentos. | \nloss coh-lom-bee-ah-nos soh-moss mooy ah-ten-toes | \nlos kolomˈbjanos ˈsomoz muj aˈtentos ‖ | \n
Using the verb “estar” instead of “ser” can sometimes help you add a layer of specificity to your statements. When you use “estar,” you’re talking about a specific item, whereas using “ser” implies that you’re talking about the noun as a whole.
\n| English | \nSpanish | \nPronunciation | \nIPA | \n
| Enchiladas are very tasty. | \nLas enchiladas son muy ricas. | \nlahs ehn-chee-la-dahs son mooy ree-cas | \nlas enʧiˈlaðas ˈsom muj ˈrikas ‖ | \n
| These enchiladas are very tasty. | \nLas enchiladas están muy ricas. | \nlahs ehn-chee-la-dahs ehs-tahn mooy ree-cas | \nlas enʧiˈlaðas esˈtam muj ˈrikas ‖ | \n
| Pigs are very fat. | \nLos cerdos son muy gordos. | \nlos sehr-dos sohn mooy gore-dos | \nlos ˈθeɾðos ˈsom muj ˈɣoɾðos ‖ | \n
| These pigs are very fat. | \nLos cerdos están muy gordos. | \nlos sehr-dos ehs-tahn mooy gore-dos | \nlos ˈθeɾðos esˈtam muj ˈɣoɾðos ‖ | \n
| The beach is very pretty. | \nLa playa está muy bonita. | \nla plah-yah ehs-tah mooy bo-nee-tah | \nla ˈplaʝa esˈta muj βoˈnita ‖ | \n
| This beach is very pretty. | \nLa playa es muy bonita. | \nla play-yah ehs mooy bo-nee-tah | \nla ˈplaʝa ˈez muj βoˈnita ‖ | \n
Knowing when to use “ser” and “estar” is just one part of the equation — now you have to learn how to conjugate them! Although it might be tedious to learn so many different conjugations at first, memorizing the conjugations of irregular verbs is an inescapable part of learning Spanish. Fortunately, investing time into learning the conjugations well from the start will make them come naturally to you in the future, allowing you to focus your attention on more advanced topics.
\nWithout further ado, let’s dive into all the possible conjugations of the verbs “ser” and “estar”!
\nThe present tense, known as el tiempo presente (elle tee-ehm-poh preh-sehn-teh) in Spanish, is likely to be the verb tense you’ll use the most often. It’s also the first tense covered extensively in beginner Spanish lessons, so you might already be familiar with it.
\n| English | \nSer | \nEstar | \n
| I am | \nYo soy | \nYo estoy | \n
| You are | \nTú eres | \nTú estás | \n
| You are (formal) | \nUsted es | \nUsted está | \n
| He/she/it is | \nÉl es / Ella es / Eso es | \nÉl está / Ella está / Eso está | \n
| We are | \nNosotros somos / Nosotras somos | \nNosotros estamos / Nosotras estamos | \n
| You all are (Latin American) | \n Ustedes son | \nUstedes están | \n
| You all are (European Spanish) | \n Vosotros sois / Vosotras sois | \nVosotros estáis / Vosotras estais | \n
| They are | \nEllos son / Ellas son | \nEllos están / Ellas están | \n
| English | \nSpanish | \nPronunciation | \nIPA | \n
| I am Argentinian | \nYo soy argentino. | \nsoy are-hen-tee-no | \nˈʝo ˈsoj aɾxenˈtino ‖ | \n
| You’re wrong. | \nTú estás mal. | \ntoo ehs-tahs mal | \nˈtu esˈtaz ˈmal ‖ | \n
| She is my sister. | \nElla es mi hermana. | \neh-yah ehs me air-ma-nah | \nˈeʎa ˈez mj eɾˈmana ‖ | \n
| We’re friends. | \nNosotros somos amigos. | \nnoh-soh-tross soh-mohs ah-me-goss | \nnoˈsotɾos ˈsomos aˈmiɣos ‖ | \n
| Where are you? (plural) | \n¿Dónde están ustedes? | \ndon-deh ehs-tahn oos-eh-dess | \nˈdonde esˈtan usˈteðes ‖ | \n
| They’re sleeping. | \nEllos están dormidos. | \neh-yos ehs-tahn dore-me-doss | \nˈeʎos esˈtan doɾˈmiðos ‖ | \n
The simple past tense is known as the tiempo pretérito (tee-ehm-poh preh-teh-ree-toe) in Spanish. It helps us express actions that took place in the past and have since concluded. Here are the conjugations for the verbs “ser” and “estar” in the preterite tense in Spanish.
\n| English | \nSer | \nEstar | \n
| I am | \nYo fui | \nYo estuve | \n
| You are | \nTú fuiste | \nTú estuviste | \n
| You are (formal) | \nUsted fue | \nUsted estuvo | \n
| He/she/it is | \nÉl fue / Ella fue / Eso fue | \nÉl estuvo / Ella estuvo / Eso estuvo | \n
| We are | \nNosotros fuimos / Nosotras fuimos | \nNosotros estuvimos / Nosotras estuvimos | \n
| You all are (Latin American) | \n Ustedes fueron | \nUstedes estuvieron | \n
| You all are (European Spanish) | \n Vosotros fuisteis / Vosotras fuisteis | \nVosotros estuvisteis / Vosotras estuvisteis | \n
| They are | \nEllos fueron / Ellas fueron | \nEllos estuvieron / Ellas estuvieron | \n
| English | \nSpanish | \nPronunciation | \nIPA | \n
| I was in Costa Rica last year. | \nYo estuve en Costa Rica el año pasado. | \nyo ehs-too-veh ehn cos-tah ree-ca elle ah-nyoh pah-sah-doh | \nˈʝo esˈtuβe en ˈkosta ˈrika el ˈaɲo paˈsaðo ‖ | \n
| Is it true that you were a firefighter? | \n¿Es verdad que fuiste bombero? | \nehs ver-dahd keh foo-ees-teh bom-beh-roh | \nˈez βeɾˈðað ˈke ˈfwiste βomˈbeɾo ‖ | \n
| He was an English teacher in Guatemala. | \nÉl fue maestro de inglés en Guatemala. | \nelle foo-eh mah-ehs-troh deh een-glehs ehn goo-ah-teh-mah-lah | \nˈel ˈfwe maˈestɾo ðe jnˈɡles en ɡwateˈmala ‖ | \n
| We were waiting for two hours. | \nNosotros estuvimos esperando por dos horas. | \nnoh-so-tros ehs-too-vee-mos ehs-peh-rahn-doh pore dos oh-rahs | \nnoˈsotɾos estuˈβimos espeˈɾando poɾ ˈðos ˈoɾas ‖ | \n
| You (plural) were sitting at our table. | \nVosotros estuvisteis sentados en nuestra mesa. | \nvoh-so-trohs ess-too-vees-teh-is sehn-tah-dohs ehn noo-ehs-trah meh-sah | \nboˈsotɾos estuˈβistejs senˈtaðos en ˈnwestɾa ˈmesa ‖ | \n
| They were faster than us. | \nEllas fueron más rápidas que nosotros. | \neh-yahs foo-eh-rohn mas rah-pee-dahs keh no-soh-tros | \nˈeʎas ˈfweɾom ˈmaz ˈrapiðas ˈke noˈsotɾos ‖ | \n
The imperfect tense, known as el pretérito imperfecto (elle preh-teh-ree-toe eem-pehr-fec-toe) in Spanish, also helps us talk about actions that happened in the past, but it is less precise than the simple past. With the imperfect tense, the actions that we describe may have happened over a long period of time, may not have ended yet, and may still have an impact on the present. These are the imperfect conjugations for “ser” and “estar” in Spanish.
\n| English | \nSer | \nEstar | \n
| I am | \nYo era | \nYo estaba | \n
| You are | \nTú eras | \nTú estabas | \n
| You are (formal) | \nUsted era | \nUsted estaba | \n
| He/she/it is | \nÉl era / Ella era / Eso era | \nÉl estaba / Ella estaba / Eso estaba | \n
| We are | \nNosotros éramos / Nosotras éramos | \nNosotros estábamos / Nosotras estábamos | \n
| You all are (Latin American) | \n Ustedes eran | \nUstedes estaban | \n
| You all are (European Spanish) | \n Vosotros erais / Vosotras erais | \nVosotros estabais / Vosotras estabais | \n
| They are | \nEllos eran / Ellas eran | \nEllos estaban / Ellas estaban | \n
| English | \nSpanish | \nPronunciation | \nIPA | \n
| I was waiting for your call. | \nYo estaba esperando tu llamada. | \nyo ehs-tah-bah ehs-peh-rahn-doh too yah-mah-dah | \nˈʝo esˈtaβa espeˈɾando tu ʎaˈmaða ‖ | \n
| You were the best student in elementary school. | \nTú eras la mejor estudiante en la primaria. | \ntoo eh-rahs la meh-hor ehs-too-dee-ahn-teh ehn la pre-mah-ree-ah | \nˈtu ˈeɾaz la meˈxoɾ estuˈðjante en la pɾiˈmaɾja ‖ | \n
| He was waiting for the bus when it started to rain. | \nÉl estaba esperando el camión cuando empezó a llover. | \nelle ehs-tah-bah ehs-peh-rahn-doh elle cah-me-ohn coo-ahn-doh em-peh-zo ah yoh-vehr | \nˈel esˈtaβa espeˈɾando el kaˈmjon ˈkwando empeˈθo a ʎoˈβeɾ ‖ | \n
| We were the only ones in school. | \nNosotros éramos los únicos en la escuela. | \nno-soh-trohs eh-rah-mos los oo-ne-cohs ehn la ehs-coo-eh-lah | \nnoˈsotɾos ˈeɾamoz los ˈunikos en la esˈkwela ‖ | \n
| Where were you? (plural) | \n¿Dónde estaban ustedes? | \ndohn-deh ehs-tah-bahn oos-teh-dehs | \nˈdonde esˈtaβan usˈteðes ‖ | \n
| They were the fastest ones in the soccer team. | \nEllas eran las más rápidas del equipo de fútbol. | \neh-yahs eh-rahn las mas rah-pee-dahs dell eh-key-po deh foot-boll | \nˈeʎas ˈeɾan laz ˈmaz ˈrapiðaz ðel eˈkipo ðe ˈfutβol ‖ | \n
We then have the future tense, known as el futuro simple (elle foo-too-roh seem-pleh) in Spanish. Naturally, this tense helps us speak about actions that haven’t happened yet, so use this to talk about your plans, goals, and aspirations!
\n| English | \nSer | \nEstar | \n
| I am | \nYo seré | \nYo estaré | \n
| You are | \nTú serás | \nTú estarás | \n
| You are (formal) | \nUsted será | \nUsted estará | \n
| He/she/it is | \nÉl será / Ella será / Eso será | \nÉl estará / Ella estará / Eso estará | \n
| We are | \nNosotros seremos / Nosotras seremos | \nNosotros estaremos / Nosotras estaremos | \n
| You all are (Latin American) | \n Ustedes serán | \nUstedes estarán | \n
| You all are (European Spanish) | \n Vosotros sereis / Vosotras sereis | \nVosotros estaréis / Vosotras estaréis | \n
| They are | \nEllos serán / Ellas serán | \nEllos estarán / Ellas estarán | \n
| English | \nSpanish | \nPronunciation | \nIPA | \n
| I won’t be happy until I’ve learned Spanish. | \nNo seré feliz hasta aprender Español. | \nno seh-reh feh-leez ahs-tah ah-prehn-dehr ehs-pah-nyol | \nˈno seˈɾe feˈliθ ˈasta apɾenˈdeɾ espaˈɲol ‖ | \n
| Will you be there too? | \n¿Tú también estarás ahí? | \ntoo tam-bee-ehn ehs-tah-rahs ah-e | \nˈtu tamˈbjen estaˈɾas aˈi ‖ | \n
| I think she will be there too. | \nCreo que ella también estará ahí. | \ncreh-oh keh eh-yah tam-bee-ehn ehs-tah-rah ah-e | \nˈkɾeo ˈke ˈeʎa tamˈbjen estaˈɾa aˈi ‖ | \n
| We will be the first ones to arrive. | \nNosotros seremos los primeros en llegar. | \nno-soh-trohs seh-reh-mos los pre-meh-rohs ehn yeh-gar | \nnoˈsotɾos seˈɾemoz los pɾiˈmeɾos en ʎeˈɣaɾ ‖ | \n
| You (plural) will be right behind us. | \nUstedes estarán justo detrás de nosotros. | \noos-teh-dess ehs-tah-rahn deh-trahs deh no-soh-trohs | \nusˈteðes estaˈɾan ˈxusto ðeˈtɾaz ðe noˈsotɾos ‖ | \n
| They will be waiting for you. | \nEllos estarán esperándote. | \neh-yohs ehs- | \nˈeʎos estaˈɾan espeˈɾandote ‖ | \n
The future perfect tense helps us express things that will have started at some point in the future. It’s known as el futuro compuesto (elle foo-too-roh com-poo-ehs-toe) in Spanish. It doesn’t tell us about the current status of the action, but it does help us talk about things that will have happened by some specific or approximate point in the future. In Spanish, we use the verb “haber” (to have) for the conjugation of this tense, which is another very helpful Spanish verb to know!
\n| English | \nSer | \nEstar | \n
| I am | \nYo habré sido | \nYo habré estado | \n
| You are | \nTú habrás sido | \nTú habrás estado | \n
| You are (formal) | \nUsted habrá sido | \nUsted habrá estado | \n
| He/she/it is | \nÉl habrá sido / Ella habrá sido / Eso habrá sido | \nÉl habrá estado / Ella habrá estado / Eso habrá estado | \n
| We are | \nNosotros habremos sido / Nosotras habremos sido | \nNosotros habremos estado / Nosotras habremos estado | \n
| You all are (Latin American) | \n Ustedes habrán sido | \nUstedes habrán estado | \n
| You all are (European Spanish) | \n Vosotros habréis sido / Vosotras habréis sido | \nVosotros habréis estado / Vosotras habréis estado | \n
| They are | \nEllos habrán sido / Ellas habrán sido | \nEllos habrán estado / Ellas habrán estado | \n
| English | \nSpanish | \nPronunciation | \nIPA | \n
| When you return, I will have already been the champion twice. | \nCuando regreses, yo ya habré sido campeón dos veces. | \ncoo-ahn-doe reh-greh-sehs, yo ya ah-breh see-doh cam-peh-ohn dos veh-sehs | \nˈkwando reˈɣɾeses | ˈʝo ʝa aˈβɾe ˈsiðo kampeˈon ˈdoz ˈβeθes ‖ | \n
| Next month we will have been boyfriends for two years. | \nEl próximo mes ya habremos sido novios por dos años. | \nelle prox-e-mo mes ya ah-breh-moss see-doe noh-vee-ohs pore dos ah-nyoss | \nel ˈpɾoksimo ˈmez ʝa aˈβɾemos ˈsiðo ˈnoβjos poɾ ˈðos ˈaɲos ‖ | \n
| By then, you will have already been in Spain for six months. | \nPara ese entonces, ya habrás estado en España por seis meses. | \npah-rah eh-seh ehn-ton-sehs yah ah-brahs ehs-tah-doe ehn es-pah-nyah pore say-s meh-sehs | \nˈpaɾa ˈese enˈtonθes | ʝa aˈβɾas esˈtaðo en esˈpaɲa poɾ ˈsejz ˈmeses ‖ | \n
| When we get there, she will have been singing for half an hour. | \nCuando lleguemos, ya habrá estado cantando media hora. | \ncoo-ahn-doe yeh-geh-moss yah ah-brah ehs-tah-doe can-tan-doe meh-dee-ah oh-rah | \nˈkwando ʎeˈɣemos | ʝa aˈβɾa esˈtaðo kanˈtando ˈmeðja ˈoɾa ‖ | \n
| By June, you all will have been the first graduates of this university. | \nPara junio, ustedes habrán sido los primeros egresados de esta universidad. | \npah-rah who-nee-oh, oose-teh-dehs ah-brahn see-doe los pre-meh-ross eh-greh-sah-doss deh ehs-tah oo-nee-vehr-see-dad | \nˈpaɾa ˈxunjo | usˈteðes aˈβɾan ˈsiðo los pɾiˈmeɾos eɣɾeˈsaðoz ðe ˈesta wniβeɾsiˈðað ‖ | \n
| If they continue traveling like this, they will have been to every country in the world in just a few years! | \nSi siguen viajando así, ¡en tan solo unos años habrán estado en todos los países del mundo! | \nsee see-gehn vee-ah-hahn-doe ah-see, ¡ehn tahn soh-loh ooh-noss ah-nyos ah-brahn ehs-tah-doe ehn toe-dos los pa-e-sehs dell moon-doe | \nsi ˈsiɣem bjaˈxando aˈsi | en ˈtan ˈsolo ˈunos ˈaɲos aˈβɾan esˈtaðo en ˈtoðoz los paˈisez ðel ˈmundo ‖ | \n
The conditional tense, known as el condicional simple (elle con-dee-see-oh-nall seem-pleh), helps us talk about something that would or could happen if certain conditions were met. If you love to consider hypothetical situations and talk about the wide realm of life’s possibilities, then this verb tense is for you!
\n| English | \nSer | \nEstar | \n
| I am | \nYo sería | \nYo estaría | \n
| You are | \nTú serías | \nTú estarías | \n
| You are (formal) | \nUsted sería | \nUsted estaría | \n
| He/she/it is | \nÉl sería / Ella sería / Eso sería | \nÉl estaría / Ella estaría / Eso estaría | \n
| We are | \nNosotros seríamos / Nosotras seríamos | \nNosotros estaríamos / Nosotras estaríamos | \n
| You all are (Latin American) | \n Ustedes serían | \nUstedes estarían | \n
| You all are (European Spanish) | \n Vosotros seríais / Vosotras seríais | \nVosotros estaríais / Vosotras estaríais | \n
| They are | \nEllos serían / Ellas serían | \nEllos estarían / Ellas estarían | \n
| English | \nSpanish | \nPronunciation | \nIPA | \n
| If I were paid a dollar every time someone asked me that, I would be rich! | \nSi me pagaran un dólar por cada vez que me preguntan eso, ¡ya sería rica! | \nsee meh pah-gah-rahn oon doh-lahr pore cah-dah vehs keh meh preh-goon-tahn eh-soh, ¡ya seh-ree-ah ree-cah! | \nsi me paˈɣaɾan un ˈdolaɾ poɾ ˈkaða ˈβeθ ˈke me pɾeˈɣuntan ˈeso | ʝa seˈɾia ˈrika ‖ | \n
| If we had taken the subway, we would already be there. | \nSi hubiéramos tomado el metro, ya estaríamos ahí. | \nsee ooh-bee-air-ah-moss toh-mah-doe elle meh-tro, ya ehs-tah-ree-ah-moss ah-e | \nsj uˈβjeɾamos toˈmaðo el ˈmetɾo | ʝa estaˈɾiamos aˈi ‖ | \n
| I know you all would be there for me if times get tough. | \nSé que ustedes estarían ahí por mí en momentos difíciles. | \nseh keh oos-teh-dehs ehs-tah-ree-ahn ah-e pore mee ehn mo-mehn-toss dee-fee-see-less | \nˈse ˈke wsˈteðes estaˈɾian aˈi poɾ ˈmi em moˈmentoz ðiˈfiθiles ‖ | \n
| If I already knew, you all would be the first ones to hear from me. | \nSi ya supiera, ustedes serían los primeros en saberlo. | \nsee ya soo-pee-air-ah, oos-teh-dehs seh-ree-ahn loss pre-meh-ross ehn sah-behr-loh | \nsi ʝa suˈpjeɾa | usˈteðes seˈɾian los pɾiˈmeɾos en saˈβeɾlo ‖ | \n
| They would be willing to help. | \nEllos estarían dispuestos a ayudar. | \neh-yoss ehs-tah-ree-ahn dees-poo-ess-toss ah ah-yoo-dar | \nˈeʎos estaˈɾian disˈpwestos a aʝuˈðaɾ ‖ | \n
| You all would be the first ones, is that okay? | \nVosotros seríais los primeros, ¿no importa? | \nvoh-soh-trohs seh-ree-ah-ees los pree-meh-ross, ¿no eem-pore-tah? | \nboˈsotɾos seˈɾiajz los pɾiˈmeɾos | ˈno jmˈpoɾta ‖ | \n
Known as the condicional perfecto (con-dee-see-oh-nall pehr-fec-toe) in Spanish, the conditional perfect tense describes something that could or would have happened in the past. It generally indicates that the action can no longer happen again or that the ship has sailed. In other words, this is the verb tense of regrets — so don’t spend too much time using it!
\n| English | \nSer | \nEstar | \n
| I am | \nYo habría sido | \nYo habría estado | \n
| You are | \nTú habrías sido | \nTú habrías estado | \n
| You are (formal) | \nUsted habría sido | \nUsted habría estado | \n
| He/she/it is | \nÉl habría sido / Ella habría sido / Eso habría sido | \nÉl habría estado / Ella habría estado / Eso habría estado | \n
| We are | \nNosotros habríamos sido / Nosotras habríamos sido | \nNosotros habríamos estado / Nosotras habríamos estado | \n
| You all are (Latin American) | \n Ustedes habrían sido | \nUstedes habrían estado | \n
| You all are (European Spanish) | \n Vosotros habríais sido / Vosotras habríais sido | \nVosotros habríais estado / Vosotras habríais estado | \n
| They are | \nEllos habríais sido / Ellas habríais sido | \nEllos habrían estado / Ellas habrían estado | \n
| English | \nSpanish | \nPronunciation | \nIPA | \n
| If you hadn’t given up, you would have been successful. | \nSi no te hubieras dado por vencido, habrías sido exitoso. | \nsee no teh ooh-bee-air-ahs dah-doh pore vehn-see-doe, ah-bree-ahs see-doe ex-e-toe-so | \nsi ˈno te wˈβjeɾaz ˈðaðo poɾ βenˈθiðo | aˈβɾias ˈsiðo eksiˈtoso ‖ | \n
| She would have been there if you had invited her. | \nElla habría estado ahí si la hubieras invitado. | \neh-ya ah-bree-ah ehs-tah-doe ah-e see la ooh-bee-air-ahs een-vee-tah-doe | \nˈeʎa aˈβɾia esˈtaðo aˈi si la wˈβjeɾas imbiˈtaðo ‖ | \n
| We would have been the first ones to come if you had asked us to. | \nNosotros habríamos sido los primeros en venir si nos lo hubieras pedido. | \nnoh-soh-trohs ah-bree-ah-moss see-doe loss pre-meh-ross ehn veh-neer see nos loh oo-bee-air-ahs peh-dee-doe | \nnoˈsotɾos aˈβɾiamos ˈsiðo los pɾiˈmeɾos em beˈniɾ si noz lo wˈβjeɾas peˈðiðo ‖ | \n
| They would have been satisfied if you hadn’t told them that the other room was bigger. | \nEllos habrían estado conformes si no les hubieras dicho que la otra habitación era más grande. | \neh-yoss ah-bree-ahn ehs-tah-doe con-fore-mess see no less ooh-bee-air-ass dee-cho keh la oh-trah ah-bee-tah-see-ohn eh-rah la mas grahn-deh | \nˈeʎos aˈβɾian esˈtaðo komˈfoɾmes si ˈno ˈles uˈβjeɾaz ˈðiʧo ˈke la ˈotɾa aβitaˈθjon ˈeɾa ˈmaz ˈɣɾande ‖ | \n
| You all would have been chosen if you had participated. | \nUstedes habrían sido elegidos si hubieran participado. | \noos-teh-dehs ah-bree-ahn see-doe eh-leh-he-doss see ooh-bee-air-ahn par-tee-see-pah-doe | \nusˈteðes aˈβɾian ˈsiðo eleˈxiðos sj uˈβjeɾam paɾtiθiˈpaðo ‖ | \n
| We would have been the first ones to see you if you had arrived yesterday. | \nNosotras habríamos sido las primeras en verte si hubieras llegado ayer. | \nno-soh-tross ah-bree-ah-moss see-doe las pre-meh-rahs ehn vehr-tehh see ooh-bee-eh-rahs yeh-gah-doe ah-yehr | \nnoˈsotɾas aˈβɾiamos ˈsiðo las pɾiˈmeɾas em ˈbeɾte sj uˈβjeɾaz ʎeˈɣaðo aˈʝeɾ ‖ | \n
The preterite perfect, known as the pretérito perfecto in Spanish (preh-teh-ree-toe pehr-fec-toe) is used to describe:
\nThis conjugation involves the present conjugation of the auxiliary verb “haber” (to have).
\nNote that European Spanish uses the present perfect the way Latin America (and English) uses the preterite tense — to explain things in the simple past.
\n| English | \nSer | \nEstar | \n
| I am | \nYo he sido | \nYo he estado | \n
| You are | \nTú has sido | \nTú has estado | \n
| You are (formal) | \nUsted ha sido | \nUsted ha estado | \n
| He/she/it is | \nÉl ha sido / Ella ha sido / Eso ha sido | \nÉl ha estado / Ella ha estado / Eso ha estado | \n
| We are | \nNosotros hemos sido / Nosotras hemos sido | \nNosotros hemos estado / Nosotras hemos estado | \n
| You all are (Latin American) | \n Ustedes han sido | \nUstedes han estado | \n
| You all are (European Spanish) | \n Vosotros habéis sido / Vosotras habéis sido | \nVosotros habéis estado | \n
| They are | \nEllos han sido / Ellas han sido | \nEllos han estado / Ellas han estado | \n
| English | \nSpanish | \nPronunciation | \nIPA | \n
| I have also been the last one to finish an exam. | \nYo también he sido el último en terminar el examen. | \nyoh tam-bee-ehn eh see-doe elle ool-tee-moe ehn tehr-me-nahr elle ex-ah-mehn | \nˈʝo tamˈbjen ˈe ˈsiðo el ˈultimo en teɾmiˈnaɾ el ekˈsamen ‖ | \n
| They have been best friends ever since they met. | \nEllas han sido mejores amigas desde que se conocieron. | \neh-yas ahn see-doe meh-hoh-rehs ah-me-gass des-deh keh seh coh-no-see-air-ohn | \nˈeʎas ˈan ˈsiðo meˈxoɾes aˈmiɣaz ˈðezðe ˈke se konoˈθjeɾon ‖ | \n
| We have been neighbors since 2008. | \nNosotros hemos sido vecinos desde el 2008. | \nno-soh-trohs eh-moss see-doe veh-see-noss dess-deh elle dos meel oh-cho | \nnoˈsotɾos ˈemos ˈsiðo βeˈθinoz ˈðezðe el 2008. | \n
| They have been waiting for you right there for two hours. | \nEllos han estado esperando ahí por dos horas. | \neh-yoss han ehs-tah-doh ehs-peh-rahn-doh ah-e pore dos oh-rahs | \nˈeʎos ˈan esˈtaðo espeˈɾando aˈi poɾ ˈðos ˈoɾas ‖ | \n
| Have you been sleeping this whole time? | \n¿Has estado dormida todo este tiempo? | \nahs ehs-tah-doh dore-mee-dah toh-doh ehs-teh tee-ehm-poe | \nˈas esˈtaðo ðoɾˈmiða ˈtoðo ˈeste ˈtjempo ‖ | \n
| He has been the first one to graduate from university in his family. | \nÉl ha sido el primero en graduarse de la universidad en su familia. | \nelle ah see-doh elle pre-meh-roh ehn gra-doo-are-seh deh la oo-nee-vehr-see-dad ehn soo fah-me-lee-ah | \nˈel ˈa ˈsiðo el pɾiˈmeɾo en ɡɾaˈðwaɾse ðe la wniβeɾsiˈðað en su faˈmilja ‖ | \n
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The pluperfect term, known as pluscuamperfecto (ploos-cooh-ahn-pehr-fec-toe) in Spanish, expresses an action that happened in the past before another action that also happened in the past. In other words, it is the past of the past. Even if its name sounds like a Spanish tongue twister, this tense is actually quite easy to learn (and very useful, too!).
\n| English | \nSer | \nEstar | \n
| I am | \nYo había sido | \nYo había estado | \n
| You are | \nTú habías sido | \nTú habías estado | \n
| You are (formal) | \nUsted había sido | \nUsted había estado | \n
| He/she/it is | \nÉl había sido / Ella había sido / Eso había sido | \nÉl había estado / Ella había estado / Eso había estado | \n
| We are | \nNosotros habíamos sido / Nosotras habíamos sido | \nNosotros habíamos estado / Nosotras habíamos estado | \n
| You all are (Latin American) | \n Ustedes habían sido | \nUstedes habían estado | \n
| You all are (European Spanish) | \n Vosotros habíais sido / Vosotras habíais sido | \nVosotros habíais estado / Vosotras habíais estado | \n
| They are | \nEllos habían sido / Ellas habían sido | \nEllos habían estado / Ellas habían estado | \n
| English | \nSpanish | \nPronunciation | \nIPA | \n
| I don’t remember well, but I think that I had already been here before. | \nNo recuerdo bien, pero creo que ya había estado aquí antes. | \nnoh reh-coo-air-doh bee-ehn, pear-oh kreh-oh keh ya ah-bee-ah ehs-tah-doh ah-key ahn-tess | \nˈno reˈkweɾðo ˈβjen | ˈpeɾo ˈkɾeo ˈke ʝa aˈβia esˈtaðo aˈki ˈantes ‖ | \n
| We thought that we had been the first ones to arrive, but then we saw you. | \nNosotras creíamos que habíamos sido las primeras en llegar, pero después te vimos. | \nno-soh-trahs creh-e-ah-moss keh ah-bee-ah-moss see-doh las pre-meh-rahs ehn yeh-gar, pear-oh dehs-poo-ess teh vee-moss | \nnoˈsotɾas kɾeˈiamos ˈke aˈβiamos ˈsiðo las pɾiˈmeɾas en ʎeˈɣaɾ | ˈpeɾo ðesˈpwes te ˈβimos ‖ | \n
| You had been the winner, but since you weren’t there, they chose a different candidate. | \nTú habías sido la ganadora, pero como no estabas, eligieron a otro concursante. | \ntoo ah-bee-ahs see-doh la gah-nah-door-ah, pear-oh coh-mo no ess-tah-bass, eh-lee-he-air-ohn ah oh-troh con-coor-sahn-teh | \nˈtu aˈβias ˈsiðo la ɣanaˈðoɾa | ˈpeɾo ˈkomo ˈno esˈtaβas | eliˈxjeɾon a ˈotɾo konkuɾˈsante ‖ | \n
| Had you all ever been in Granada before? | \n¿Vosotros habíais estado en Granada anteriormente? | \nvoh-soh-tross ah-bee-ice ehs-tah-doh ehn gra-nah-dah ahn-teh-ree-ore-mehn-teh | \nboˈsotɾos aˈβiajs esˈtaðo en ɡɾaˈnaða anteɾjoɾˈmente ‖ | \n
| That building had been abandoned until they converted it into a hotel. | \nEse edificio había estado abandonado hasta que lo convirtieron en hotel. | \neh-seh eh-dee-fee-see-oh ah-bee-ah ehs-tah-doe ah-bahn-doh-nah-doh ahs-tah keh lo con-veer-tee-air-ohn ehn oh-tell | \nˈese eðiˈfiθjo aˈβia esˈtaðo aβandoˈnaðo ˈasta ˈke lo kombiɾˈtjeɾon en oˈtel ‖ | \n
| She had been crying until she received the good news. | \nElla había estado llorando hasta que recibió las buenas noticias. | \neh-yah ah-bee-ah ess-tah-doe yoh-rahn-doe ahs-tah keh reh-see-bee-oh las boo-eh-nas no-tee-see-ahs | \nˈeʎa aˈβia esˈtaðo ʎoˈɾando ˈasta ˈke reθiˈβjo laz ˈβwenaz noˈtiθjas ‖ | \n
The subjunctive, known as el subjuntivo (elle soob-whoon-tee-vo) in Spanish, is used to discuss nebulous things that could, would or might maybe someday happen. It’s used to discuss our hopes, dreams, fears, feelings and emotions, aspirations, and innermost desires. Unlike the conditional tense we covered earlier, the subjunctive doesn’t necessarily have a basis in reality, so dream away!
\n| English | \nSer | \nEstar | \n
| I am | \nYo sea | \nYo esté | \n
| You are | \nTú seas | \nTú estés | \n
| You are (formal) | \nUsted sea | \nUsted esté | \n
| He/she/it is | \nÉl sea / Ella sea / Eso sea | \nÉl esté / Ella esté / Eso esté | \n
| We are | \nNosotros seamos / Nosotras seamos | \nNosotros estemos / Nosotras estemos | \n
| You all are (Latin American) | \n Ustedes sean | \nUstedes estén | \n
| You all are (European Spanish) | \n Vosotros seáis / Vosotras seáis | \nVosotros estéis | \n
| They are | \nEllos sean / Ellas sean | \nEllos estén / Ellas estén | \n
| English | \nSpanish | \nPronunciation | \nIPA | \n
| I hope that José is the winner of the contest. | \nEspero que José sea el ganador del concurso. | \nehs-peh-roh keh hoh-seh seh-ah elle gah-nah-door dell con-coor-soh | \nesˈpeɾo ˈke xoˈse ˈsea el ɣanaˈðoɾ ðel konˈkuɾso ‖ | \n
| When I’m rich, I’m going to invite everyone on vacation to the Caribbean. | \nCuando sea rica, los voy a invitar a todos de vacaciones en el Caribe. | \ncoo-ahn-doe seh-ah ree-cah, loss voy ah een-vee-tar ah toe-doss deh vah-cah-see-oh-ness ehn elle cah-ree-beh | \nˈkwando ˈsea ˈrika | loz ˈβoj a jmbiˈtaɾ a ˈtoðoz ðe βakaˈθjones en el kaˈɾiβe ‖ | \n
| Oh, grandma, I don’t know what I’m gonna do when you’re not here. | \nAy, abuelita, no sé que voy a hacer cuando no estés aquí. | \nah-e, ah-boo-eh-lee-tah, noh seh keh voy ah ah-sehr coo-ahn-doh noh ehs-tehs ah-key | \nˈaj | aβweˈlita | ˈno ˈse ˈke ˈβoj a aˈθeɾ ˈkwando ˈno esˈtes aˈki ‖ | \n
| Honestly, I’m not sure that you all are the right fit for this project. | \nLa verdad, no estoy seguro que ustedes sean los indicados para este proyecto. | \nla vehr-dad, noh ehs-toy seh-goo-roh keh oos-teh-dehs seh-ahn los een-deh-cah-doss pah-rah ehs-teh proh-yec-toe | \nla βeɾˈðað | ˈno esˈtoj seˈɣuɾo ˈke wsˈteðes ˈsean los indiˈkaðos ˈpaɾa ˈeste pɾoˈʝekto ‖ | \n
| Do you think that she’s also thinking about me? | \n¿Crees que ella también esté pensando en mí? | \ncrash keh eh-yah tam-bee-ehn eh-steh pen-sahn-doe ehn me | \nˈkɾees ˈke ˈeʎa tamˈbjen esˈte penˈsando em ˈmi ‖ | \n
| I hope that our cousins are also okay after such an awful storm. | \nEspero que nuestros primos estén bien después de esta tormenta tan fea. | \nehs-peh-roh keh noo-ehs-trohs pre-mos ehs-tehn bee-ehn des-poo-ehs deh ehs-tah tore-mehn-tah feh-ah | \nesˈpeɾo ˈke ˈnwestɾos ˈpɾimos esˈtem ˈbjen desˈpwez ðe ˈesta toɾˈmenta ˈtam ˈfea ‖ | \n
The imperfect subjunctive, known as el imperfecto del subjuntivo (elle eem-pehr-fec-toe dell soob-whoon-tee-voe) in Spanish, is a very versatile mode that can be used in the past, present or future tense. Like the present subjunctive, this mode helps us talk about desires, wishes, and alternate realities.
\n| English | \nSer | \nEstar | \n
| I am | \nYo fuera / Yo fuese | \nYo estuviera / Yo estuviese | \n
| You are | \nTú fueras / Tú fueses | \nTú estuvieras / Tú estuvieses | \n
| You are (formal) | \nUsted fuera / Usted fuese | \nUsted estuviera / Usted estuviese | \n
| He/she/it is | \nÉl fuera / Él fuese / Ella fuera / Ella fuese / Eso fuera / Eso fuese | \nÉl estuviera / Él estuviese / Ella estuviera / Ella estuviese / Eso estuviera / Eso estuviese | \n
| We are | \nNosotros fuéramos / Nosotros fuésemos / Nosotras fuéramos / Nosotras fuésemos | \nNosotros estuviéramos / Nosotros estuviésemos / Nosotras estuviéramos / Nosotras estuviésemos | \n
| You all are (Latin American) | \n Ustedes fueran / Ustedes fuesen | \nUstedes estuvieran / Ustedes estuviesen | \n
| You all are (European Spanish) | \n Vosotros fuerais / Vosotras fuerais | \nVosotros estuvierais / Vosotros estuvieseis / Vosotras estuvierais / Vosotras estuvieseis | \n
| They are | \nEllos fueran / Ellos fuesen / Ellas fueran / Ellas fuesen | \nEllos estuvieran / Ellos estuviesen / Ellas estuvieran / Ellas estuviesen | \n
| English | \nSpanish | \nPronunciation | \nIPA | \n
| If it was earlier, I would come with you to the store. | \nSi fuera más temprano, te acompañaría a la tienda. | \nsee foo-air-ah mahs tehm-prah-noh, teh ah-com-pah-nyah-ree-ah ah lah tee-ehn-dah | \nsi ˈfweɾa ˈmas temˈpɾano | te akompaɲaˈɾia a la ˈtjenda ‖ | \n
| If you were more polite, then maybe your calls would be returned. | \nSi usted fuese más amable, tal vez le devolverían sus llamadas. | \nsee oos-ted foo-eh-seh mahs ah-mah-bleh, tall vehs leh deh-voll-veh-ree-ahn soos yah-mah-dass | \nsj usˈteð ˈfwese ˈmas aˈmaβle | ˈtal ˈβeð le ðeβolβeˈɾian suz ʎaˈmaðas ‖ | \n
| If it were sunny, we would be able to go to the beach | \nSi estuviera soleado, podríamos ir a la playa. | \nsee ehs-too-vee-air-ah soh-leh-ah-doh, poh-dree-ah-moss eer ah lah plah-yah | \nsj estuˈβjeɾa soleˈaðo | poˈðɾiamos ˈiɾ a la ˈplaʝa ‖ | \n
| We wouldn’t be waiting in the rain if we had somewhere to go. | \nNo estuviéramos esperando en la lluvia si tuviéramos a dónde ir. | \nno ehs-too-vee-air-ah-moss ehs-peh-rahn-doh ehn la you-vee-ah see too-vee-air-ah-moss ah don-deh eer | \nˈno estuˈβjeɾamos espeˈɾando en la ˈʎuβja si tuˈβjeɾamos a ˈðonde ˈiɾ ‖ | \n
| If he was interested, he would have called you already. | \nSi él estuviese interesado, ya te hubiera llamado. | \nsee elle ehs-too-vee-eh-seh een-teh-reh-sah-doh, yah teh ooh-vee-air-ah yah-mah-doh | \nsj ˈel estuˈβjese jnteɾeˈsaðo | ʝa te wˈβjeɾa ʎaˈmaðo ‖ | \n
| Who would’ve thought that that would have been the ideal solution for the situation? | \nQuién hubiera dicho que eso fuera lo ideal para arreglar la situación. | \nkey-ehn ooh-vee-air-ah dee-cho keh eh-soh foo-eh-rah lo e-deh-ahl pah-rah ah-reh-glahr la see-too-ah-see-ohn | \nˈkjen uˈβjeɾa ˈðiʧo ˈke ˈeso ˈfweɾa lo jðeˈal ˈpaɾa areˈɣlaɾ la sitwaˈθjon ‖ | \n
The future subjunctive, known as futuro imperfecto del subjuntivo (foo-too-roh eem-pehr-fec-toe dell soob-whon-tee-vo), is another form of the imperfect mode. As you can probably guess, it is used to refer to events that could happen in the future, although the action may be impossible or improbable.
\n| English | \nSer | \nEstar | \n
| I am | \nYo fuere | \nYo estuviere | \n
| You are | \nTú fueres | \nTú estuvieres | \n
| You are (formal) | \nUsted fuere | \nUsted fuese | \n
| He/she/it is | \nÉl fuere / Ella fuere / Eso fuere | \nÉl estuviere / Ella estuviere / Eso estuviere | \n
| We are | \nNosotros fuéremos / Nosotras fuéremos | \nNosotros estuviéremos / Nosotras estuviéremos | \n
| You all are (Latin American) | \n Ustedes fueren | \nUstedes estuvieren | \n
| You all are (European Spanish) | \n Vosotros fuereis / Vosotras fuereis | \nVosotros estuviereis / Vosotras estuviereis | \n
| They are | \nEllos fueren / Ellas fueren | \nEllos estuvieren / Ellas estuvieren | \n
| English | \nSpanish | \nPronunciation | \nIPA | \n
| The winner, whomever it may be, will be crowned tomorrow. | \nEl ganador, sea quien fuere, será coronado mañana. | \nelle gah-nah-door, seh-ah key-ehn foo-eh-reh, seh-rah coh-roh-nah-doe mah-nyah-nah | \nel ɣanaˈðoɾ | ˈsea ˈkjem ˈfweɾe | seˈɾa koɾoˈnaðo maˈɲana ‖ | \n
| If he isn’t ready to defend his thesis, he won’t be able to graduate. | \nSi no estuviere listo para defender su tésis, no se podrá graduar. | \nsee noh ehs-too-vee-air-ah lees-toe pah-rah deh-fen-dehr soo teh-sees, no seh poh-drah grah-doo-ar | \nsi ˈno estuˈβjeɾe ˈlisto ˈpaɾa ðefenˈdeɾ su ˈtesis | ˈno se poˈðɾa ɣɾaˈðwaɾ ‖ | \n
| Wherever they might be, they will be taken to jail. | \nDonde sea que estuvieren serán llevados a la cárcel. | \ndohn-deh seh-ah keh ehs-too-vee-eh-rehn seh-rahn yeh-vah-doss ah la car-sehl | \nˈdonde ˈsea ˈke estuˈβjeɾen seˈɾan ʎeˈβaðos a la ˈkaɾθel ‖ | \n
| What more could I ask for than for her to be the winner of the scholarship. | \nQué más quisiera que ella fuere la ganadora de la beca. | \nkeh mahs key-see-air-ah keh eh-yah foo-eh-reh la ga-nah-door-ah deh la beh-cah | \nˈke ˈmas kiˈsjeɾa ˈke ˈeʎa ˈfweɾe la ɣanaˈðoɾa ðe la ˈβeka ‖ | \n
| In case other people are there, we will look for another site for our reunion. | \nEn el caso de que otras personas estuvieren ahí, buscaremos otro sitio para nuestra reunión. | \nehn elle cah-so deh keh oh-tahs pehr-soh-nass ehs-too-vee-eh-rehn ah-e, boos-cah-reh-moss oh-troh see-tee-oh pah-rah noo-ehs-trah reh-ooh-nee-ohn | \nen el ˈkaso ðe ˈke ˈotɾas peɾˈsonas estuˈβjeɾen aˈi | buskaˈɾemos ˈotɾo ˈsitjo ˈpaɾa ˈnwestɾa rewˈnjon ‖ | \n
| Whomever is present will be escalated to the nearest exit. | \nQuien estuviere presente será escoltado hacia la salida más cercana. | \nkey-ehn ehs-too-vee-eh-reh preh-sehn-teh seh-rah ehs-coll-tah-doh ah-see-ah la sah-lee-dah mahs sehr-cah-nah | \nˈkjen estuˈβjeɾe pɾeˈsente seˈɾa eskolˈtaðo ˈaθja la saˈliða ˈmas θeɾˈkana ‖ | \n
The affirmative imperative, known as el imperativo afirmativo (elle eem-peh-rah-tee-vo ah-feer-ma-tee-vo) in Spanish, is used to give orders and strong suggestions or recommendations. Because of this, there are no first-person singular conjugations of the verb to be, as you cannot command yourself to do something. If you want to give yourself a pep talk, though, you can use the second-person singular conjugation, just as if you were having a dialogue with yourself!
\n| English | \nSer | \nEstar | \n
| You are | \n¡Sé! | \n¡Está! | \n
| You are (formal) | \n¡Sea! | \n¡Esté! | \n
| We are | \n¡Seamos! | \n¡Estemos! | \n
| You all are (Latin American) | \n ¡Sean! | \n¡Estén! | \n
| You all are (European Spanish) | \n ¡Sed! | \n¡Estad! | \n
| English | \nSpanish | \nPronunciation | \nIPA | \n
| Be brave! | \n¡Sé valiente! | \nseh vah-lee-ehn-teh | \nˈse βaˈljente ‖ | \n
| Stop criticizing her! Be polite! | \n¡Deje de criticarla! ¡Sea educado! | \ndeh-heh deh cree-tee-car-la! seh-ah eh-doo-cah-doh | \nˈdexe ðe kɾitiˈkaɾla ‖ ˈsea eðuˈkaðo ‖ | \n
| Let’s be ready for the arrival of her majesty! | \n¡Estemos listos para la llegada de su majestad! | \nehs-teh-moss lees-toes pah-rah lah yeh-gah-dah deh soo mah-hehs-tad | \nesˈtemoz ˈlistos ˈpaɾa la ʎeˈɣaða ðe su maxesˈtað ‖ | \n
| Stop moving, be still! | \nDejen de moverse, ¡estén quietos! | \ndeh-hehnn deh mo-vehr-seh, ehs-tehn key-eh-tos | \nˈdexen de moˈβeɾse | esˈten ˈkjetos ‖ | \n
| Please, it’s time to stop lying. Let’s be honest! | \nPor favor, es hora de dejar de mentir. ¡Seamos sinceros! | \npore fah-vore, ehs oh-rah deh deh-har deh mehn-teer. seh-ah-moss seen-seh-ross | \npoɾ faˈβoɾ | ˈes ˈoɾa ðe ðeˈxaɾ ðe menˈtiɾ ‖ seˈamos sinˈθeɾos ‖ | \n
| You almost make it to the finish line, be patient! | \nYa casi llegas a la meta, ¡sé paciente! | \nya cah-see yeh-gass ah lah meh-tah, seh pah-see-ehn-teh | \nʝa ˈkasi ˈʎeɣas a la ˈmeta | ˈse paˈθjente ‖ | \n
The negative imperative, known as el imperativo negativo (elle eem-peh-rah-tee-vo neh-ga-tee-voh), is used to give negative commands and recommendations to people. If you have a dog or any other animals at home, you’re probably going to welcome a new way of giving negative commands in Spanish!
\n| English | \nSer | \nEstar | \n
| You are | \n¡No seas! | \n¡No estés! | \n
| You are (formal) | \n¡No sea! | \n¡No esté! | \n
| We are | \n¡No seamos! | \n¡No estemos! | \n
| You all are (Latin American) | \n ¡No sean! | \n¡No estén! | \n
| You all are (European Spanish) | \n ¡No seáis! | \n¡No estéis! | \n
| English | \nSpanish | \nPronunciation | \nIPA | \n
| Don’t be a coward! | \n¡No seas cobarde! | \nnoh seh-ahs coh-bar-deh | \nˈno ˈseas koˈβaɾðe ‖ | \n
| Stop screaming! | \n¡No estés gritando! | \nnoh ehs-tehs gree-tahn-doh | \nˈno esˈtez ɣɾiˈtando ‖ | \n
| Don’t be rude! | \n¡No sean groseros! | \nnoh seh-ahn groh-seh-ross | \nˈno ˈsean ɡɾoˈseɾos ‖ | \n
| Stop bothering! | \n¡No estén molestando! | \nnoh ehs-tehn moh-less-tahn-doe | \nˈno esˈtem molesˈtando ‖ | \n
| Rex! Stop barking! | \n¡Rex! No estés ladrando! | \nrex! no ehs-tehs lah-drahn-doe | \nˈreks ‖ ˈno esˈtez laˈðɾando ‖ | \n
| Please help her, don’t be mean! | \nPor favor ayúdenla, ¡no sean malos! | \npore fah-vore ah-you-dehn-la, no seh-ahn mah-loss | \npoɾ faˈβoɾ aˈʝuðenla | ˈno ˈseam ˈmalos ‖ | \n
If you’re already familiar with conjugation rules and just need to double-check that you got it right, then the cheat sheets below are for you!
\n| \n | Presente | \nImperfecto | \nPretérito | \nFuturo | \nCondicional | \n
| Yo | \nsoy | \nera | \nfui | \nseré | \nsería | \n
| Tú | \neres | \neras | \nfuiste | \nserás | \nserías | \n
| Él / ella / usted | \nes | \nera | \nfue | \nserá | \nsería | \n
| Nosotros / nosotras | \nsomos | \néramos | \nfuimos | \nseremos | \nseríamos | \n
| Vosotros / vosotras | \nsois | \nerais | \nfuisteis | \nseréis | \nseríais | \n
| Ellos / ellas / ustedes | \nson | \neran | \nfueron | \nserán | \nserían | \n
| \n | Perfecto | \nPluscuamperfecto | \nFuturo perfecto | \nCondicional perfecto | \n
| Yo | \nhe sido | \nhabía sido | \nhabré sido | \nhabría sido | \n
| Tú | \nhas sido | \nhabías sido | \nhabrás sido | \nhabrías sido | \n
| Él / ella / usted | \nha sido | \nhabía sido | \nhabrá sido | \nhabría sido | \n
| Nosotros / nosotras | \nhemos sido | \nhabíamos sido | \nhabremos sido | \nhabríamos sido | \n
| Vosotros / vosotras | \nhabéis sido | \nhabíais sido | \nhabréis sido | \nhabríais sido | \n
| Ellos / ellas / ustedes | \nhan sido | \nhabían sido | \nhabrán sido | \nhabrían sido | \n
| \n | Presente | \nImperfecto | \nFuturo | \n
| Yo | \nsea | \nfuera / fuese | \nfuere | \n
| Tú | \nseas | \nfueras / fueses | \nfueres | \n
| Él / ella / usted | \nsea | \nfuera / fuese | \nfuere | \n
| Nosotros / nosotras | \nseamos | \nfuéramos / fuésemos | \nfuéremos | \n
| Vosotros / vosotras | \nseáis | \nfuerais / fueseis | \nfuereis | \n
| Ellos / ellas / ustedes | \nsean | \nfueran / fuesen | \nfueren | \n
| \n | Pretérito perfecto | \nPluscuamperfecto | \n
| Yo | \nhaya sido | \nhubiera / hubiese sido | \n
| Tú | \nhayas sido | \nhubieras / hubieses sido | \n
| Él / ella / usted | \nhaya sido | \nhubiera / hubiese sido | \n
| Nosotros / nosotras | \nhayamos sido | \nhubiéramos o hubiésemos sido | \n
| Vosotros / vosotras | \nhayáis sido | \nhubierais o hubieseis sido | \n
| Ellos / ellas / ustedes | \nhayan sido | \nhubieran o hubiesen sido | \n
| \n | Afirmativo | \nNegativo | \n
| Tú | \n¡sé! | \n¡no seas! | \n
| Él / ella / usted | \n¡sea! | \n¡no sea! | \n
| Nosotros / nosotras | \n¡seamos! | \n¡no seamos! | \n
| Vosotros / vosotras | \n¡sed! | \n¡no seáis! | \n
| Ellos / ellas / ustedes | \n¡sean! | \n¡no sean! | \n
| \n | Presente | \nImperfecto | \nPretérito | \nFuturo | \nCondicional | \n
| Yo | \nestoy | \nestaba | \nestuve | \nestaré | \nestaría | \n
| Tú | \nestás | \nestabas | \nestuviste | \nestarás | \nestarías | \n
| Él / ella / usted | \nestá | \nestaba | \nestuvo | \nestará | \nestaría | \n
| Nosotros / nosotras | \nestamos | \nestábamos | \nestuvimos | \nestaremos | \nestaríamos | \n
| Vosotros / vosotras | \nestáis | \nestabais | \nestuvisteis | \nestaréis | \nestaríais | \n
| Ellos / ellas / ustedes | \nestán | \nestaban | \nestuvieron | \nestarán | \nestarían | \n
| \n | Perfecto | \nPluscuamperfecto | \nFuturo perfecto | \nCondicional perfecto | \n
| Yo | \nhe estado | \nhabía estado | \nhabré estado | \nhabría estado | \n
| Tú | \nhas estado | \nhabías estado | \nhabrás estado | \nhabrías estado | \n
| Él / ella / usted | \nha estado | \nhabía estado | \nhabrá estado | \nhabría estado | \n
| Nosotros / nosotras | \nhemos estado | \nhabíamos estado | \nhabremos estado | \nhabríamos estado | \n
| Vosotros / vosotras | \nhabéis estado | \nhabíais estado | \nhabréis estado | \nhabríais estado | \n
| Ellos / ellas / ustedes | \nhan estado | \nhabían estado | \nhabrán estado | \nhabrían estado | \n
| \n | Presente | \nImperfecto | \nFuturo | \n
| Yo | \nesté | \nestuviera / estuviese | \nestuviere | \n
| Tú | \nestés | \nestuvieras / estuvieses | \nestuvieres | \n
| Él / ella / usted | \nesté | \nestuviera / estuviese | \nestuviere | \n
| Nosotros / nosotras | \nestemos | \nestuviéramos / estuviésemos | \nestuviéremos | \n
| Vosotros / vosotras | \nestéis | \nestuvierais / estuvieseis | \nestuviereis | \n
| Ellos / ellas / ustedes | \nestén | \nestuvieran / estuviesen | \nestuvieren | \n
| \n | Pretérito perfecto | \nPluscuamperfecto | \n
| Yo | \nhaya estado | \nhubiera o hubiese estado | \n
| Tú | \nhayas estado | \nhubieras o hubieses estado | \n
| Él / ella / usted | \nhaya estado | \nhubiera o hubiese estado | \n
| Nosotros / nosotras | \nhayamos estado | \nhubiéramos o hubiésemos estado | \n
| Vosotros / vosotras | \nhayáis estado | \nhubierais o hubieseis estado | \n
| Ellos / ellas / ustedes | \nhayan estado | \nhubieran o hubiesen estado | \n
| \n | Afirmativo | \nNegativo | \n
| Tú | \n¡está! | \n¡no estés! | \n
| Él / ella / usted | \n¡esté! | \n¡no esté! | \n
| Nosotros / nosotras | \n¡estemos! | \n¡no estemos! | \n
| Vosotros / vosotras | \n¡estad! | \n¡no estéis! | \n
| Ellos / ellas / ustedes | \n¡estén! | \n¡no estén! | \n
You typically do not use the verbs “ser” or “estar” when introducing yourself in Spanish. Unlike English, where you would say “I am” when introducing yourself, Spanish uses the verb “llamar,” which is similar to “to be called.” To introduce yourself in Spanish, you want to say “Me llamo ____” (I am called _____).
\nIn Spanish, “soy” represents traits or characteristics that are impossible or very difficult to change, whereas “estoy” represents those that could change very easily. For example, you would use “soy” to describe physical attributes, your nationality, or your profession, while you’d use “estoy” to describe your mood, location, or what you’re doing at the moment.
\nSpanish is a null-subject language, meaning that you can safely ignore specifying the subject in most cases as the conjugation of the verb will make it clear who the subject is. However, you can still say “yo soy” instead of just “soy” if you want to emphasize who is doing the action.
\n\nThere are thousands and thousands of possible conjugations in Spanish, so don’t try to force yourself to learn too many of them in a short amount of time! While spending some time memorizing the conjugation of important verbs like “to be” is certainly worthwhile, there’s no need to freak out over having to learn countless conjugations all at once.
\nOur best recommendation is to find an immersive program that will allow you to maximize your exposure to native-language content. And if you’ve got other commitments that prevent you from committing to an immersive experience, then check out our Spanish blog! We publish guides on helpful grammar and vocabulary topics, like the Spanish possessive adjectives and Spanish vowels and diphthongs.
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