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2020"},{"uid":"bltb7d9b9a7abab74de","value":"/blog/tips-to-learn-a-language-online","label":"Tips to learn a language online"},{"uid":"blteb756924c6b264c8","value":"/blog/moving-abroad-checklist","label":"Moving abroad checklist: What to do before you move overseas"},{"uid":"bltd4e379a72bc212cd","value":"/blog/how-to-make-friends-in-a-new-country","label":"How to make friends in a new country"},{"uid":"bltaf3069d78bc97119","value":"/blog/3-activities-outside-the-classroom-that-will-help-you-learn-spanish-fast","label":"3 activities outside the classroom that will help you learn Spanish fast"},{"uid":"blt41bb6b65c477f37b","value":"/blog/whats-the-best-way-to-learn-a-language-online","label":"What's the best way to learn a language online?"},{"uid":"bltb6454acc258b593f","value":"/blog/a-foundation-of-high-performance-teams","label":"A foundation of high-performance teams"},{"uid":"blt8bde058702d6cb3b","value":"/blog/culture-insight-inclusion-and-community-on-diverse-and-dispersed-teams","label":"Culture insight: inclusion and community on diverse and dispersed teams"},{"uid":"blt69b884e9465044cf","value":"/blog/serving-yourself-a-drink-in-japan","label":"Cultural don'ts: Serving yourself a drink in Japan"},{"uid":"bltecccab0a8d7ab4fe","value":"/blog/characteristics-of-high-performance-multicultural-teams","label":"Characteristics of high-performance multicultural teams"},{"uid":"blt512b83300f9c19d7","value":"/blog/culture-insight-a-business-case-for-diversity","label":"Culture insight: a business case for diversity"},{"uid":"bltbbadccdbcda768bc","value":"/blog/why-learn-a-new-language-sports","label":"Why learn a new language: Sports"}],"contentType":"blog_posts","id":"c1b81cb1-6f85-56de-a160-e6c590469bc0","uid":"blt7d861f0269e50999","publish_details":{"locale":"en-us"},"date":"2024-02-02","date_modified":null,"modified_date_text":null,"tags":["hreflang-blog-politics-vocab-chinese"],"post_content":"Being able to connect with over a billion people is one of the biggest benefits of learning Chinese. In addition to unlocking hundreds of millions of possible new friends, this also allows you to keep up with Chinese news broadcasts, reports, magazines, and the latest thought leaders in Chinese society.
\nThis is important for several reasons, with almost too many benefits to mention. Some of the most significant are:
\nSo, whether you’re trying to elevate your diplomatic skills or simply want to become a more well-rounded person, take a look at this helpful Chinese vocabulary about politics and international relations!
\n
Before you get started, we should warn you: there is a lot of vocabulary about politics and government in Chinese. There are not only many words that you need to learn to understand the functions of the government itself (president, voting, laws, etc.) but also philosophical and political words that you can learn to have deep, thought-provoking debates.
\nHowever, do not attempt to learn all of these words at once. Not only is mass memorization a bad way to learn Chinese characters, but it’s also highly unlikely that you’ll need to use all or even most of these words in day-to-day conversations.
\nInstead, make personalized lists with words that you find interesting or think you’re going to use frequently. And, if you’re a real political junkie, the best way to rapidly acquire all this new vocabulary is by watching more political TV shows and reading more political books in Chinese, but more on that below!
\nNow, let’s get into the Chinese politics vocabulary!
\n![\"Studying](\"https://images.contentstack.io/v3/assets/bltacc1a01c4d280f24/blt551cb899587e6fdd/65bdbe81f0270555b9ea5acf/international-relations-in-chinese.jpg?auto=webp&format=pjpg&quality=80&\")
If you’re just looking for a quick refresher or want to find the few words that will pack the biggest punch, then we’ve got just the list for you. These are the 10 essential Chinese words for politics and government that you need to know if you want to follow along interesting conversations about policy and governance:
\n| English | \nChinese | \nPinyin | \nPronunciation | \n
| Government | \n政府 | \nzhèng fǔ | \njenq fuu | \n
| Politics | \n政治 | \nzhèng zhì | \njenq jyh | \n
| Policy | \n政策 | \nzhèng cè | \njenq tseh | \n
| Country/Nation | \n国家 | \nguó jiā | \ngwo jia | \n
| Territory | \n领土 | \nlǐng tǔ | \nliing tuu | \n
| Law | \n法律 | \nfǎ lǜ | \nfaa liuh | \n
| Regulation | \n法规 | \nfǎ guī | \nfaa guei | \n
| Military | \n军事 | \njūn shì | \njiun duey | \n
| System | \n制度 | \nzhì dù | \njyh duh | \n
| Political party | \n政党 | \nzhèng dǎng | \njenq daang | \n
The following list will be perfect for anyone looking to work in government or is simply passionate about it. These are just some of the most common features of governments around the world:
\n| English | \nChinese | \nPinyin | \nPronunciation | \n
| Coalition government | \n联合政府 | \nlián hé zhèng fǔ | \nlian her jenq fuu | \n
| Government department | \n政府部门 | \nzhèng fǔ bù mén | \njenq fuu buh men | \n
| Central government | \n中央政府 | \nzhōng yāng zhèng fǔ | \njong iang jenq fuu | \n
| Local government | \n地方政府 | \ndì fāng zhèng fǔ | \ndih fang jenq fuu | \n
| Federal government | \n联邦政府 | \nlián bāng zhèng fǔ | \nlian bang jenq fuu | \n
| System reform | \n体制改革 | \ntǐ zhì gǎi gé | \ntii jyh gae ger | \n
| Constitutional system | \n宪政制度 | \nxiàn zhèng zhì dù | \nshiann jenq jyh duh | \n
| Administrative institutions | \n行政机构 | \nxíng zhèng jī gòu | \nshyng jenq ji gow | \n
| Legislative institutions | \n立法机构 | \nlì fǎ jī gòu | \nlih faa ji gow | \n
| Judicial institutions | \n司法机构 | \nsī fǎ jī gòu | \nsy faa ji gow | \n
| Congress | \n国会 | \nguó huì | \ngwo huey | \n
| Senate | \n参议院 | \ncān yì yuàn | \ntsan yih yuann | \n
| House of Representatives | \n众议院 | \nzhòng yì yuàn | \njonq yih yuann | \n
| The cabinet | \n内阁 | \nnèi gé | \nney ger | \n
If you love politics, philosophy, and deep, thought-provoking discussions about societal issues, then the following list is for you. Here are some common types of political systems, each with its own merits and downsides. Debate away!
\n| English | \nChinese | \nPinyin | \nPronunciation | \n
| Political system | \n政体 | \nzhèng tǐ | \njenq tii | \n
| Political power/regime | \n政权 | \nzhèng quán | \njenq chyuan | \n
| Centralization | \n中央集权 | \nzhōng yāng jí quán | \njong iang jyi chyuan | \n
| Decentralization | \n分权 | \nfēn quán | \nfen chyuan | \n
| Democracy | \n民主 | \nmín zhǔ | \nmin juu | \n
| Democratic centralism | \n民主集中制 | \nmín zhǔ jí zhōng zhì | \nmin juu jyi jong jyh | \n
| Republic | \n共和国 | \ngòng hé guó | \ngonq her gwo | \n
| Monarchy | \n君主制 | \njūn zhǔ zhì | \njiun juu jyh | \n
| Constitutional monarchy | \n君主立宪制 | \njūn zhǔ lì xiàn zhì | \njiun juu lih shiann jyh | \n
| Autocracy | \n独裁 | \ndú cái | \ndwu tsair | \n
| Authoritarianism | \n专制 | \nzhuān zhì | \njuan jyh | \n
| Totalitarianism | \n专政 | \nzhuān zhèng | \njuan jenq | \n
| Socialism | \n社会主义 | \nshè huì zhǔ yì | \nsheh huey juu yih | \n
| Communism | \n共产主义 | \ngòng chǎn zhǔ yì | \ngonq chaan juu yih | \n
| Capitalism | \n资本主义 | \nzī běn zhǔ yì | \ntzy been juu yih | \n
| Federalism | \n联邦制 | \nlián bāng zhì | \nlian bang jyh | \n
| Unitarianism | \n单一制 | \ndān yī zhì | \ndan i jyh | \n
| Multi-party system | \n多党制 | \nduō dǎng zhì | \nduo daang jyh | \n
| One-party system | \n一党制 | \nyì dǎng zhì | \ni daang jyh | \n
| Electorate | \n选民 | \nxuǎn mín | \nsheuan min | \n
| Universal suffrage | \n普选 | \npǔ xuǎn | \npuu sheuan | \n
To understand what’s going on in the news, you’ll need to understand the roles of the key decision-makers. If you were raised in the United States, then you’re probably used to hearing about the president, senators, and congresspeople, but each country has a different system with different key roles, so you’ll want to get familiar with them.
\n| English | \nChinese | \nPinyin | \nPronunciation | \n
| Leader | \n领导 | \nlǐng dǎo | \nliing dao | \n
| Statesman | \n政治家 | \nzhèng zhì jiā | \njenq jyh jia | \n
| Politician | \n政治人物 | \nzhèng zhì rén wù | \njenq jyh ren wuh | \n
| Chairman | \n主席 | \nzhǔ xí | \njuu shyi | \n
| General secretary | \n总书记 | \nzǒng shū jì | \ntzoong shu jih | \n
| President | \n总统 | \nzǒng tǒng | \ntzoong toong | \n
| Minister | \n部长 | \nbù zhǎng | \nbuh jaang | \n
| Premier | \n总理 | \nzǒng lǐ | \ntzoong lii | \n
| Prime minister | \n首相 | \nshǒu xiàng | \nshoou shianq | \n
| Legislator | \n立法者 | \nlì fǎ zhě | \nlih faa jee | \n
| Mayor | \n市长 | \nshì zhǎng | \nshyh jaang | \n
| Governor | \n州长 | \nzhōu zhǎng | \njou jaang | \n
| Governor of province | \n省长 | \nshěng zhǎng | \nsheeng jaang | \n
| Commander | \n司令官 | \nsī lìng guān | \nsy linq guan | \n
| Head of state | \n元首 | \nyuán shǒu | \nyuan shoou | \n
| Ambassador | \n大使 | \ndà shǐ | \ndah shyy | \n
| Party leader | \n政党领袖 | \nzhèng dǎng lǐng xiù | \njenq daang liing shiow | \n
| Committee chairman | \n委员会主席 | \nwěi yuán huì zhǔ xí | \nwoei yuan huey juu shyi | \n
| Candidate | \n候选人 | \nhòu xuǎn rén | \nhow sheuan ren | \n
| Representative | \n代表 | \ndài biǎo | \nday beau | \n
At the end of the day, politics impacts all of us. Even if you’re not particularly interested in the government or how decisions are made, you probably do want to stay informed about how these policies will affect your business and even personal life. Here are some of the most important vocabulary words about government and political decisions in Chinese:
\n| English | \nChinese | \nPinyin | \nPronunciation | \n
| Economic policy | \n经济政策 | \njīng jì zhèng cè | \njing jih jenq tseh | \n
| Political ideology | \n政治意识形态 | \nzhèng zhì yì shí xíng tài | \njenq jyh yih shyr shyng tay | \n
| National sovereignty | \n国家主权 | \nguó jiā zhǔ quán | \ngwo jia juu chyuan | \n
| Political order | \n政治秩序 | \nzhèng zhì zhì xù | \njenq jyh jyh shiuh | \n
| Decision-making | \n决策 | \njué cè | \njyue tseh | \n
| Civil rights | \n公民权利 | \ngōng mín quán lì | \ngong min chyuan lih | \n
| Election | \n选举 | \nxuǎn jǔ | \nsheuan jeu | \n
| Election Day | \n选举日 | \nxuǎn jǔ rì | \nsheuan jeu ryh | \n
| Appointment | \n任命 | \nrèn mìng | \nrenn minq | \n
| Political reform | \n政治改革 | \nzhèng zhì gǎi gé | \njenq jyh gae ger | \n
| Legal bill | \n议案 | \nyì àn | \nyih ann | \n
| Vote | \n投票 | \ntóu piào | \ntour piaw | \n
| Political crisis | \n政治危机 | \nzhèng zhì wēi jī | \njenq jyh uei ji | \n
| Legislative hearing | \n听证会 | \ntīng zhèng huì | \nting jenq huey | \n
| To impeach | \n弹劾 | \ntán hé | \ntarn her | \n
| Anti-corruption | \n反腐 | \nfǎn fǔ | \nfaan fuu | \n
| Constitutional | \n立宪 | \nlì xiàn | \nlih shiann | \n
| Legal system | \n法律体系 | \nfǎ lǜ tǐ xì | \nfaa liuh tii shih | \n
| Government functions | \n政府职能 | \nzhèng fǔ zhí néng | \njenq fuu jyr neng | \n
| Policy agenda | \n施政纲领 | \nshī zhèng gāng lǐng | \nshy jenq gang liing | \n
| Administrative decision | \n行政决定 | \nxíng zhèng jué dìng | \nshyng jenq jyue dinq | \n
| Legislative resolution | \n立法决议 | \nlì fǎ jué yì | \nlih faa jyue yih | \n
| Military decision | \n军事决策 | \njūn shì jué cè | \njiun shyh jyue tseh | \n
Compared to absolute individual freedom, China prioritizes collective interests and social stability. While peaceful protests and demonstrations are legally allowed, they are not encouraged in practice. As a foreigner in mainland China, you should think carefully before deciding to get involved with any type of political activism. Additionally, you should try to avoid getting involved with political activities without prior authorization from the Chinese authorities.
\nHere is some vocabulary around political activity in Chinese:
\n| English | \nChinese | \nPinyin | \nPronunciation | \n
| Lobby | \n游说 | \nyóu shuì | \nyou shuey | \n
| Revolution | \n革命 | \ngé mìng | \nger minq | \n
| Demonstration | \n示威 | \nshì wēi | \nshyh uei | \n
| Assembly | \n集会 | \njí huì | \njyi huey | \n
| Association | \n结社 | \njié shè | \njye sheh | \n
| Press/Publishing | \n出版 | \nchū bǎn | \nchu baan | \n
| Speech | \n言论 | \nyán lùn | \nyan luenn | \n
| Ideological trend | \n思潮 | \nsī cháo | \nsy chaur | \n
| Put into practice | \n实践 | \nshí jiàn | \nshyr jiann | \n
| To resist | \n抗争 | \nkàng zhēng | \nkanq jeng | \n
| To protest | \n抗议 | \nkàng yì | \nkanq yih | \n
| To proclaim | \n公布 | \ngōng bù | \ngong buh | \n
| To issue | \n发布 | \nfā bù | \nfa buh | \n
| To declare | \n宣布 | \nxuān bù | \nshiuan buh | \n
| To negotiate | \n协商 | \nxié shāng | \nshye shang | \n
| Party in power | \n执政党 | \nzhí zhèng dǎng | \njyr jenq daang | \n
| Opposition party | \n在野党 | \nzài yě dǎng | \ntzay yee daang | \n
| Participating party | \n参政党 | \ncān zhèng dǎng | \ntsan jenq daang | \n
| Train of thought | \n思路 | \nsī lù | \nsy luh | \n
| Administer | \n治理 | \nzhì lǐ | \njyh lii | \n
| Empirical theory | \n经验理论 | \njīng yàn lǐ lùn | \njing yann lii luenn | \n
| Conflict | \n冲突 | \nchōng tū | \nchong twu | \n
| Backward | \n落后 | \nluò hòu | \nluoh how | \n
| Trend | \n趋势 | \nqū shì | \nchiu shyh | \n
| Turning point | \n拐点 | \nguǎi diǎn | \ngoai dean | \n
| Ballot | \n选票 | \nxuǎn piào | \nsheuan piaw | \n
| To nominate | \n提名 | \ntí míng | \ntyi ming | \n
| Poll | \n民意调查 | \nmín yì diào chá | \nmin yih diaw char | \n
| To campaign | \n竞选 | \njìng xuǎn | \njinq sheuan | \n
| Appeal | \n诉求 | \nsù qiú | \nsuh chyou | \n
| Propaganda | \n政治宣传 | \nzhèng zhì xuān chuán | \njenq jyh shiuan chwan | \n
Chinese domestic politics are most likely very different from your home country, no matter where you come from. Not only are domestic policies and mechanisms different, but China faces unique political and economic struggles. Here are some of the vocabulary words you should be familiar with:
\n| English | \nChinese | \nPinyin | \nPronunciation | \n
| Combat Corruption | \n治理腐败 | \nzhì lǐ fǔ bài | \njyh lii fuu bay | \n
| United front | \n统一战线 | \ntǒng yī zhàn xiàn | \ntoong i jann shiann | \n
| Maintain social stability | \n维护社会稳定 | \nwéi hù shè huì wěn dìng | \nwei huh sheh huey woen dinq | \n
| Economic miracle | \n经济奇迹 | \njīng jì qí jì | \njing jih chyi ji | \n
| Common prosperity | \n共同富裕 | \ngòng tóng fù yù | \ngonq torng fuh yuh | \n
| Harmonious society | \n和谐社会 | \nhé xié shè huì | \nher shye sheh huey | \n
| Central Committee of the Communist Party | \n中央委员会 | \nzhōng yāng wěi yuán huì | \njong iang woei yuan huey | \n
| Politburo of the Communist Party | \n中央政治局 | \nzhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú | \njong iang jenq jyh jyu | \n
| Standing Committee of the Politburo of the Communist Party | \n中央政治局常务委员会 | \nzhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú cháng wù wěi yuán huì | \njong iang jenq jyh jyu charng wuh woei yuan huey | \n
| Communist Party | \n共产党 | \ngòng chǎn dǎng | \ngonq chaan daang | \n
| National Congress of the Communist Party | \n全国代表大会 | \nquán guó dài biǎo dà huì | \nchyuan gwo day beau dah huey | \n
| Multi-party Cooperation | \n多党合作 | \nduō dǎng hé zuò | \nduo daang her tzuoh | \n
| The Chinese Dream | \n中国梦 | \nzhōng guó mèng | \njong gwo menq | \n
| One Country, Two Systems | \n一国两制 | \nyì guó liǎng zhì | \ni gwo leang jyh | \n
| Put an end to “face” projects | \n杜绝面子工程 | \ndù jué miàn zi gōng chéng | \nduh jyue miann tzy gong cherng | \n
| National rejuvenation | \n民族复兴 | \nmín zú fù xīng | \nmin tzwu fuh shing | \n
| Cultural confidence | \n文化自信 | \nwén huà zì xìn | \nwen huah tzyh shinn | \n
| Socialism with Chinese characteristics | \n中国特色社会主义 | \nzhōng guó tè sè shè huì zhǔ yì | \njong gwo teh seh sheh huey juu yih | \n
| Collective action | \n集体行动 | \njí tǐ xíng dòng | \njyi tii shyng donq | \n
| Petition / compliant letter | \n请愿书/投诉信 | \nqǐng yuàn shū / tóu sù xìn | \nchiing yuann shu / tour suh shinn | \n
| Middle class | \n中产阶级 | \nzhōng chǎn jiē jí | \njong chaan jie jyi | \n
| Proletariat | \n无产阶级 | \nwú chǎn jiē jí | \nwu chaan jie jyi | \n
| Patriotism | \n爱国主义 | \nài guó zhǔ yì | \nay gwo juu yih | \n
| Political centralization | \n政治集权 | \nzhèng zhì jí quán | \njenq jyh jyi chyuan | \n
| Political decentralization | \n政治分权 | \nzhèng zhì fēn quán | \njenq jyh fen chyuan | \n
| Planned economy | \n计划经济 | \njì huà jīng jì | \njih huah jing jih | \n
| Common Program | \n《共同纲领》 | \ngòng tóng gāng lǐng | \ngonq torng gang liing | \n
At the end of the day, it’s the laws and regulations of a country or municipality that have the biggest impact on our daily lives. If you are living or doing business in China, then you definitely want to keep up with any new laws, guidelines, and regulations.
\n| English | \nChinese | \nPinyin | \nPronunciation | \n
| Amend constitution | \n修宪 | \nxiū xiàn | \nshiou shiann | \n
| Draft | \n草案 | \ncǎo'àn | \ntsao ann | \n
| Amendment | \n修正案 | \nxiū zhèng àn | \nshiou jenq ann | \n
| Legal rights | \n合法权益 | \nhé fǎ quán yì | \nher faa chyuan yih | \n
| Civil rights | \n民事权利 | \nmín shì quán lì | \nmin shyh chyuan lih | \n
| Civil obligations | \n民事义务 | \nmín shì yì wù | \nmin shyh yih wuh | \n
| Decree | \n判令 | \npàn lìng | \npann linq | \n
| Jurisdiction | \n审判权 | \nshěn pàn quán | \nsheen pann chyuan | \n
| Power of supervision | \n监察权 | \njiān chá quán | \njian char chyuan | \n
| To authorize | \n授权 | \nshòu quán | \nshow chyuan | \n
| Legislation | \n立法 | \nlì fǎ | \nlih faa | \n
| Common understanding | \n共识 | \ngòng shí | \ngonq shyh | \n
| Administrative regulations | \n行政法规 | \nxíng zhèng fǎ guī | \nshyng jenq faa guei | \n
| Local regulations | \n地方性法规 | \ndì fāng xìng fǎ guī | \ndih fang shinq faa guei | \n
| Constitution | \n宪法 | \nxiàn fǎ | \nshiann faa | \n
| Legality | \n合法性 | \nhé fǎ xìng | \nher faa shinq | \n
| Autonomy | \n自治 | \nzì zhì | \ntzyh jyh | \n
| General provision | \n总则 | \nzǒng zé | \ntzoong tzer | \n
Over the past few decades, China has grown into the world’s largest economy by some metrics. This was, in part, thanks to its ability to forge commercial relationships with countries all over the world. Today, China’s foreign policy objectives generally revolve around establishing and securing trade routes to create mutually beneficial trade relationships, like the Belt and Road Initiative (more on that below!).
\nWe’ll give you all the vocabulary words you’ll need to know to fully understand Chinese foreign policy and international relations, but first, we’ll show you how to talk about bilateral relations in Chinese.
\n![\"Chinese](\"https://images.contentstack.io/v3/assets/bltacc1a01c4d280f24/blt59306625e8c9ac9a/65bdbedaa3c202364c25029a/chinese-foreign-policy.jpg?auto=webp&format=pjpg&quality=80&\")
If you’ve already studied how to say country names in Chinese, then you already know that China is 中国 (zhōng guó), the United States is 美国 (měi guó), the United Kingdom is 英国 (yīng guó), and Japan is日本 (rì běn), just to name a few. If you wanted to talk about bilateral relations between China and any of these countries, you would need to put both country names together, followed by 关系 (guān xì), which is the word for relations.
\nHowever, there’s a neat abbreviation that you can use that only includes one character from each of the two countries. Here’s what we mean:
\n| English | \nChinese | \nPinyin | \nPronunciation | \n
| China–United States relations | \n中美关系 | \nzhōng měi guān xì | \njong meei guan shih | \n
| China-United Kingdom relations | \n中英关系 | \nzhōng yīng guān xì | \njong ing guan shih | \n
| China-Japan relations | \n中日关系 | \nzhōng rì guān xì | \njong ryh guan shih | \n
Any good diplomat knows the importance of learning at least a few words in the language of your host nation. So, whether you’re learning Chinese from scratch or simply want a few words to keep under your belt, here are some of the top Chinese words on diplomacy and foreign relations:
\n| English | \nChinese | \nPinyin | \nPronunciation | \n
| Diplomacy | \n外交 | \nwài jiāo | \nway jiau | \n
| Diplomat | \n外交官 | \nwài jiāo guān | \nway jiau guan | \n
| Foreign policy | \n外交政策 | \nwài jiāo zhèng cè | \nway jiau jenq tseh | \n
| Foreign relations | \n外交关系 | \nwài jiāo guān xì | \nway jiau guan shih | \n
| Diplomatic language | \n外交辞令 | \nwài jiāo cí lìng | \nway jiau tsyr linq | \n
| Trade war | \n贸易战 | \nmào yì zhàn | \nmaw yih jann | \n
| Trade agreement | \n贸易协定 | \nmào yì xié dìng | \nmaw yih shye dinq | \n
| International cooperation | \n国际合作 | \nguó jì hé zuò | \ngwo jih her tzuoh | \n
| Sovereign state | \n主权国家 | \nzhǔ quán guó jiā | \njuu chyuan gwo jia | \n
| Strategic partnership | \n战略伙伴关系 | \nzhàn lüè huǒ bàn guān xì | \njann liueh huoo bann guan shih | \n
| Globalization | \n全球化 | \nquán qiú huà | \nchyuan chyou huah | \n
| Embassy | \n使馆 | \nshǐ guǎn | \nshyy goan | \n
| Consulate | \n领事馆 | \nlǐng shì guǎn | \nliing shyh goan | \n
| Negotiation | \n谈判 | \ntán pàn | \ntarn pann | \n
| Arbitration | \n裁决 | \ncái jué | \ntsair jyue | \n
| Summit | \n峰会 | \nfēng huì | \nfeng huey | \n
| Bilateral | \n双边 | \nshuāng biān | \nshuang bian | \n
| Multilateral | \n多边 | \nduō biān | \nduo bian | \n
| Economic aid | \n经援 | \njīng yuán | \njing yuan | \n
| Arms control | \n军控 | \njūn kòng | \njiun konq | \n
| To form an alliance | \n结盟 | \njié méng | \njye meng | \n
| Ally | \n盟友 | \nméng yǒu | \nmeng yeou | \n
| Trade partner | \n贸易伙伴 | \nmào yì huǒ bàn | \nmaw yih huoo bann | \n
| In a mess domestically and abroad | \n内忧外患 | \nnèi yōu wài huàn | \nney iou way huann | \n
| Soft power | \n软实力 | \nruǎn shí lì | \nroan shyr lih | \n
| Colony | \n殖民地 | \nzhí mín dì | \njyr min dih | \n
| Imperialism | \n帝国主义 | \ndì guó zhǔ yì | \ndih gwo juu yih | \n
| Anti-terrorism | \n反恐 | \nfǎn kǒng | \nfaan koong | \n
| Maritime Silk Road | \n海上丝绸之路 | \nhǎi shàng sī chóu zhī lù | \nhae shanq sy chour jy luh | \n
| One Belt, One Road/The Belt and Road Initiative | \n一带一路 | \nyí dài yí lù | \ni day i luh | \n
| To meddle, to interfere | \n干涉 | \ngān shè | \ngan sheh | \n
| Balance of power | \n均势 | \njūn shì | \njiun shyh | \n
| Hegemony | \n霸权 | \nbà quán | \nbah chyuan | \n
| Leading | \n主导 | \nzhǔ dǎo | \njuu dao | \n
As the world becomes more and more connected politically, economically, and culturally, international organizations and unions play an increasingly crucial role. These organizations are responsible for global governance and coordination, from economic integration to ecological conservation. Here are some of the largest international organizations that you might come across as you study international relations in Chinese.
\nIn English, we typically use initials and acronyms to abbreviate the names of these organizations. For example, the International Monetary Fund is commonly referred to as the IMF and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is known as UNESCO. Chinese uses a less straightforward abbreviation method, though it generally keeps only one of the two characters in each word of the name.
\nFor example, the full name of the World Health Organization is 世界卫生组织, made up of the words 世界 (World), 卫生 (Health), and 组织 (Organization). Its abbreviation is 世卫组织, dropping the second character of 世界 (world) and 卫生 (health). On the other hand, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank is 亚洲基础设施投资银行, made up of the words 亚洲 (Asia) 基础设施 (Infrastructure), 投资(Investment), and 银行 (Bank). Its abbreviation is simply 亚投行, which completely excludes the “infrastructure” component, so there’s no way to standardize abbreviations. Not to worry, though, we’ve included the full names of organizations and their abbreviations below!
\nKeep in mind that you don’t need to memorize or even learn all of these organizations, as you likely won’t come across all of them very often (if at all). For example, if your career or interests are in the field of international economics, then you’ll likely be hearing about organizations like the WTO or APEC, but likely won’t hear from environmental agencies like the IOC or the WFP. So, focus on learning the names of the orgs you’re most likely to need!
\n| English | \nChinese | \nPinyin | \nPronunciation | \n
| United Nations | \n联合国 | \nlián hé guó | \nlian her gwo | \n
| World Bank | \n世界银行 | \nshì jiè yín háng | \nshyh jieh yn harng | \n
| International Monetary Fund (IMF) | \n国际货币基金组织 | \nguó jì huò bì jī jīn zǔ zhī | \ngwo jih huoh bih ji jin tzuu jy | \n
| Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) | \n亚洲基础设施投资银行（亚投行） | \nyà zhōu jī chǔ shè shī tóu zī yín háng (yà tóu háng) | \nyah jou ji chuu sheh shy tour tzy yn harng (yah tour harng) | \n
| International Finance Corporation (IFC) | \n国际金融公司 | \nguó jì jīn róng gōng sī | \ngwo jih jin rong gong sy | \n
| World Health Organization (WHO) | \n世界卫生组织（世卫组织） | \nshì jiè wèi shēng zǔ zhī (shì wèi zǔ zhī) | \nshyh jieh wey sheng tzuu jy (shyh wey tzuu jy) | \n
| United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) | \n联合国教育、科学及文化组织（联合国教科文组织） | \nlián hé guó jiào yù, kē xué jí wén huà zǔ zhī (lián hé guó jiào kē wén zǔ zhī) | \nlian her gwo jiaw yuh ke shyue jyi wen huah tzuu jy (lian her gwo jiaw ke wen tzuu jy) | \n
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | \n世界贸易组织（世贸组织） | \nshì jiè mào yì zǔ zhī (shì mào zǔ zhī) | \nshyh jieh maw yih tzuu jy (shyh maw tzuu jy) | \n
| Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) | \n亚太经济合作组织（亚太经合组织） | \nyà tài jīng jì hé zuò zǔ zhī (yà tài jīng hé zǔ zhī) | \nyah tay jing jih her tzuoh tzuu jy (yah tay jing her tzuu jy) | \n
| United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) | \n联合国儿童基金会 | \nlián hé guó ér tóng jī jīn huì | \nlian her gwo erl torng ji jin huey | \n
| International Red Cross | \n国际红十字会 | \nguó jì hóng shí zì huì | \ngwo jih horng shyr tzyh huey | \n
| International Maritime Organization (IMO) | \n国际海洋组织 | \nguó jì hǎi yáng zǔ zhī | \ngwo jih hae yang tzuu jy | \n
| Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | \n联合国粮食及农业组织（粮农组织） | \nlián hé guó liáng shí jí nóng yè zǔ zhī (liáng nóng zǔ zhī) | \nlian her gwo liang shyr jyi nong yeh tzuu jy (liang nong tzuu jy) | \n
| International Air Transport Association (IATA) | \n国际航空运输协会 | \nguó jì háng kōng yùn shū xié huì | \ngwo jih harng kong yunn shu shye huey | \n
| International Telecommunication Union (ITU) | \n国际电信联盟 | \nguó jì diàn xìn lián méng | \ngwo jih diann shinn lian meng | \n
| International Olympic Committee (IOC) | \n国际奥林匹克委员会 （国际奥委会） | \nguó jì ào lín pǐ kè wěi yuán huì (guó jì ào wěi huì) | \ngwo jih aw lin pii keh woei yuan huey (gwo jih aw woei huey) | \n
| World Food Programme (WFP) | \n世界粮食计划署 | \nshì jiè liáng shí jì huà shǔ | \nshyh jieh liang shyr jih huah shuu | \n
| International Labour Organization (ILO) | \n国际劳工组织 | \nguó jì láo gōng zǔ zhī | \ngwo jih lau gong tzuu jy | \n
| World Meteorological Organization (WMO) | \n世界气象组织 | \nshì jiè qì xiàng zǔ zhī | \nshyh jieh chih shianq tzuu jy | \n
| International Energy Agency (IEA) | \n国际能源署 | \nguó jì néng yuán shǔ | \ngwo jih neng yuan shuu | \n
| International Criminal Court (ICC) | \n国际刑事法院 | \nguó jì xíng shì fǎ yuàn | \ngwo jih shyng shyh faa yuann | \n
| United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) | \n联合国难民事务高级专员办事处（联合国难民署） | \nlián hé guó nàn mín shì wù gāo jí zhuān yuán bàn shì chù (lián hé guó nàn mín shǔ) | \nlian her gwo nann min shyh wuh gau jyi juan yuan bann shyh chuh (lian her gwo nann min shuu) | \n
| International Organization for Standardization (ISO) | \n国际标准化组织 | \nguó jì biāo zhǔn huà zǔ zhī | \ngwo jih biau joen huah tzuu jy | \n
| Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) | \n石油输出国组织（欧佩克） | \nshí yóu shū chū guó zǔ zhī (ōu pèi kè) | \nshyr you shu chu gwo tzuu jy (ou pey keh) | \n
| BRICS | \n金砖国家 | \njīn zhuān guó jiā | \njin juan gwo jia | \n
| Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) | \n东南亚国家联盟（东盟） | \ndōng nán yà guó jiā lián méng (dōng méng) | \ndong nan yah gwo jia lian meng (dong meng) | \n
| European Union (EU) | \n欧洲联盟（欧盟） | \nōu zhōu lián méng (ōu méng) | \nou jou lian meng (ou meng) | \n
| Five Eyes Alliance (FVEY) | \n五眼联盟（五眼） | \nwǔ yǎn lián méng (wǔ yǎn) | \nwuu yean lian meng (wuu yean) | \n
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | \n北大西洋公约组织（北约） | \nběi dà xī yáng gōng yuē zǔ zhī (běi yuē) | \nbeei dah shi yang gong iue tzuu jy (beei iue) | \n
| African Union | \n非洲联盟（非盟） | \nfēi zhōu lián méng (fēi méng) | \nfei jou lian meng (fei meng) | \n
| Group of Twenty (G20) | \n二十国集团 | \nèr shí guó jí tuán | \nell shyr gwo jyi twan | \n
| Group of Seven (G7) | \n七国集团 | \nqī guó jí tuán | \nchi gwo jyi twan | \n
Although countries all over the world face unique challenges, there are many things that humanity needs to work on as a whole. Issues like climate change, pandemics, and transnational crime need to be resolved across borders, and here’s the vocabulary you’re gonna need to contribute to the solution:
\n| English | \nChinese | \nPinyin | \nPronunciation | \n
| Climate Change | \n气候变化 | \nqì hòu biàn huà | \nchih how biann huah | \n
| Sustainable Development | \n可持续发展 | \nkě chí xù fā zhǎn | \nkee chyr shiuh fa jaan | \n
| Income Inequality | \n贫富差距 | \npín fù chā jù | \npyn fuh cha jiuh | \n
| Environmental Protection | \n环境保护 | \nhuán jìng bǎo hù | \nhwan jinq bao huh | \n
| Transnational Crime | \n跨国犯罪 | \nkuà guó fàn zuì | \nkuah gwo fann tzuey | \n
| Terrorism | \n恐怖主义 | \nkǒng bù zhǔ yì | \nkoong buh juu yih | \n
| Immigration | \n移民 | \nyí mín | \nyi min | \n
| Refugee | \n难民 | \nnàn mín | \nnann min | \n
| Food Security | \n粮食安全 | \nliáng shí ān quán | \nliang shyr an chyuan | \n
| Pandemics | \n流行病 | \nliú xíng bìng | \nliou shyng binq | \n
| Energy Security | \n能源安全 | \nnéng yuán ān quán | \nneng yuan an chyuan | \n
| International Development | \n国际发展 | \nguó jì fā zhǎn | \ngwo jih fa jaan | \n
| Global Governance | \n全球治理 | \nquán qiú zhì lǐ | \nchyuan chyou jyh lii | \n
| Population Issues | \n人口问题 | \nrén kǒu wèn tí | \nren koou wenn tyi | \n
| Cultural Diversity | \n文化多样性 | \nwén huà duō yàng xìng | \nwen huah duo yanq shinq | \n
| Digital Divide | \n数字鸿沟 | \nshù zì hóng gōu | \nshuh tzyh horng gou | \n
In a world with a globalized economy, knowing how to discuss international economics is more important than ever. Fortunately, you don’t need an MBA to understand how to talk about international economics in Chinese. Just take a look at the following list!
\n| English | \nChinese | \nPinyin | \nPronunciation | \n
| Macroeconomics | \n宏观经济 | \nhóng guān jīng jì | \nhorng guan jing jih | \n
| Microeconomics | \n微观经济 | \nwēi guān jīng jì | \nuei guan jing jih | \n
| Currency | \n货币 | \nhuò bì | \nhuoh bih | \n
| Capital | \n资本 | \nzī běn | \ntzy been | \n
| Investment | \n投资 | \ntóu zī | \ntour tzy | \n
| Savings | \n储蓄 | \nchǔ xù | \nchwu shiuh | \n
| Labor | \n劳工 | \nláo gōng | \nlau gong | \n
| Wages | \n工资 | \ngōng zī | \ngong tzy | \n
| Service industry | \n服务业 | \nfú wù yè | \nfwu wuh yeh | \n
| Skilled labor | \n技术劳工 | \njì shù láo gōng | \njih shuh lau gong | \n
| Labor productivity rate | \n劳动生产率 | \nláo dòng shēng chǎn lǜ | \nlau donq sheng chaan liuh | \n
| Labor-intensive | \n劳动密集型 | \nláo dòng mì jí xíng | \nlau donq mih jyi shinq | \n
| Capital-intensive | \n资本密集型 | \nzī běn mì jí xíng | \ntzy been mih jyi shinq | \n
| Supply | \n供给 | \ngōng jǐ | \ngong jii | \n
| Demand | \n需求 | \nxū qiú | \nshiu chyou | \n
| Cost | \n成本 | \nchéng běn | \ncherng been | \n
| Price | \n价格 | \njià gé | \njiah ger | \n
| Marginal cost | \n边际成本 | \nbiān jì chéng běn | \nbian jih cherng been | \n
| Monetary value | \n金额 | \njīn’é | \njin er | \n
| Profit | \n利润 | \nlì rùn | \nlih ruenn | \n
| Interest | \n利益 | \nlì yì | \nlih yih | \n
| Enterprise | \n企业 | \nqǐ yè | \nchii yeh | \n
| Industry/Sector | \n行业 | \nháng yè | \nharng yeh | \n
| Externality | \n外部性 | \nwài bù xìng | \nway buh shinq | \n
| Economy of scale | \n规模经济 | \nguī mó jīng jì | \nguei mo jing jih | \n
| Income and expenses | \n收支 | \nshōu zhī | \nshou jy | \n
| GDP per capita | \n人均收入 | \nrén jūn shōu rù | \nren jiun shou ruh | \n
| Income distribution | \n收入分配 | \nshōu rù fēn pèi | \nshou ruh fen pey | \n
| Central bank | \n中央银行 | \nzhōng yāng yín háng | \njong iang yn harng | \n
| Government purchasing | \n政府采购 | \nzhèng fǔ cǎi gòu | \njenq fuu tsae gow | \n
| Finance (public) | \n财政 | \ncái zhèng | \ntsair jenq | \n
| Interest rate | \n利率 | \nlì lǜ | \nlih liuh | \n
| Debt exemption | \n债务豁免 | \nzhài wù huò miǎn | \njay wuh huoh mean | \n
Countries around the world employ all kinds of economic policies to optimize their economy and wealth distribution. Here is some helpful vocabulary about economic policies in Chinese:
\n| English | \nChinese | \nPinyin | \nPronunciation | \n
| Mercantilism | \n重商主义 | \nzhòng shāng zhǔ yì | \njonq shang juu yih | \n
| Absolute advantage | \n绝对优势 | \njué duì yōu shì | \njyue duey iou shyh | \n
| Comparative advantage | \n比较优势 | \nbǐ jiào yōu shì | \nbii jiaw iou shyh | \n
| Relative price | \n相对价格 | \nxiāng duì jià gé | \nshiang duey jiah ger | \n
| Division of labor | \n分工 | \nfēn gōng | \nfen gong | \n
| Protectionism | \n保护主义 | \nbǎo hù zhǔ yì | \nbao huh juu yih | \n
| Infant industry protection | \n新兴产业保护 | \nxīn xīng chǎn yè bǎo hù | \nshin shing chaan yeh bao huh | \n
| Monopoly | \n垄断 | \nlǒng duàn | \nloong duann | \n
| Duopoly | \n双寡头垄断 | \nshuāng guǎ tóu lǒng duàn | \nshuang goa tour loong duann | \n
| Price-setting power | \n定价权 | \ndìng jià quán | \ndinq jiah chyuan | \n
| Price scissors | \n剪刀差 | \njiǎn dāo chā | \njean dau cha | \n
| Demand reversal | \n需求逆转 | \nxū qiú nì zhuǎn | \nshiu chyou nih joan | \n
| Demand-similarity hypothesis | \n需求相似假设 | \nxū qiú xiāng sì jiǎ shè | \nshiu chyou shiang syh jea sheh | \n
| Product life cycle | \n产品生命周期 | \nchǎn pǐn shēng mìng zhōu qī | \nchaan piin sheng minq jou chi | \n
| Gold standard system | \n金本位制 | \njīn běn wèi zhì | \njin been wey jyh | \n
| Bretton Woods system | \n布雷顿森林体系 | \nbù léi dùn sēn lín tǐ xì | \nbuh lei duenn sen lin tii shih | \n
| Trilemma | \n三元悖论 | \nsān yuán bèi lùn | \nsan yuan bey luenn | \n
One of the centerpieces of Chinese foreign policy is fostering international trade. As you’ll see in the section below, China is embarking on many ambitious projects to take its international trade to a whole new level. Here are some of the most common international trade terms in Chinese:
\n| English | \nChinese | \nPinyin | \nPronunciation | \n
| Trade | \n贸易 | \nmào yì | \nmaw yih | \n
| Closed economy | \n封闭经济 | \nfēng bì jīng jì | \nfeng bih jing jih | \n
| Open economy | \n开放经济 | \nkāi fàng jīng jì | \nkai fanq jing jih | \n
| Export | \n出口 | \nchū kǒu | \nchu koou | \n
| Balance of trade | \n贸易余额 | \nmào yì yú’é | \nmaw yih yu er | \n
| Trade barriers | \n贸易壁垒 | \nmào yì bì lěi | \nmaw yih bih leei | \n
| Terms of trade | \n贸易条件 | \nmào yì tiáo jiàn | \nmaw yih tyau jiann | \n
| Tariff | \n关税 | \nguān shuì | \nguan shuey | \n
| Levy | \n征收 | \nzhēng shōu | \njeng shou | \n
| Subsidy | \n补贴 | \nbǔ tiē | \nbuu tie | \n
| To sell | \n销售 | \nxiāo shòu | \nshiau show | \n
| Output | \n产量 | \nchǎn liàng | \nchaan lianq | \n
| Dumping | \n倾销 | \nqīng xiāo | \nching shiau | \n
| Rent | \n租金 | \nzū jīn | \ntzu jin | \n
| Quota | \n配额 | \npèi’é | \npey er | \n
| Consumer surplus | \n消费者剩余 | \nxiāo fèi zhě shèng yú | \nshiau fey jee shenq yu | \n
| Producer surplus | \n生产者剩余 | \nshēng chǎn zhě shèng yú | \nsheng chaan jee shenq yu | \n
| Import license | \n进口许可证 | \njìn kǒu xǔ kě zhèng | \njinn koou sheu kee jenq | \n
| Voluntary export restraint | \n自愿出口限制 | \nzì yuàn chū kǒu xiàn zhì | \ntzyh yuann chu koou shean jyh | \n
| Effective rate of protection | \n有效保护率 | \nyǒu xiào bǎo hù lǜ | \nyeou shiaw bao huh liuh | \n
| First-mover advantage | \n先发优势 | \nxiān fā yōu shì | \nshian fa iou shyh | \n
| Purchasing power parity | \n购买力平价 | \ngòu mǎi lì píng jià | \ngow mae lih pyng jiah | \n
| Interest rate parity | \n利率平价 | \nlì lǜ píng jià | \nlih liuh pyng jiah | \n
| Untradeable goods | \n不可贸易品 | \nbù kě mào yì pǐn | \nbuh kee maw yih piin | \n
| Exchange rate | \n汇率 | \nhuì lǜ | \nhuey liuh | \n
| Foreign exchange | \n外汇 | \nwài huì | \nway huey | \n
| Capital flows | \n资本流动 | \nzī běn liú dòng | \ntzy been liou donq | \n
| Freely convertible currency | \n自由兑换货币 | \nzì yóu duì huàn huò bì | \ntzyh you duey huann huoh bih | \n
![\"Discovering](\"https://images.contentstack.io/v3/assets/bltacc1a01c4d280f24/blt838488157bdee6b3/65bdbf3890c22c829dd02750/policies-in-chinese.jpg?auto=webp&format=pjpg&quality=80&\")
One of the most misunderstood and frequently cited aspects of Chinese politics is the concept of “socialism with Chinese characteristics.” This concept was first introduced by Deng Xiaoping, the leader of China who ushered in the period of opening and reform known as 改革开放 (gǎi gé kāi fàng) starting in 1978.
\nThese reforms attempted to adapt traditional Marxist values to the realities of China’s socio-economic conditions. Concretely, they implemented some aspects of market economies to encourage the development of industry and capital, foreign investment, and private ownership.
\nHowever, this doesn’t mean that China has abandoned socialism. The state still maintains control over the “commanding heights” of the economy. For example, some key industries and sectors are mainly operated by state-owned enterprises. Many private companies also establish party branches, which can affect how the business acts. This means that, unlike in many Western countries, the Chinese government still exerts heavy influence over key industries instead of letting it all up to the free market.
\nYou probably already know that China is a massive manufacturing powerhouse. In fact, chances are that you’re currently wearing or using something made in China, especially since most computers and smartphones include components that were made in China. That’s because one of China’s biggest foreign policy objectives over the past few decades has been to increase trade with countries around the world.
\nThe Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is one of the flagship projects of China in the 21st century. Introduced in 2013, this initiative aims to fund key infrastructure projects around the world to facilitate trade and commerce, including ports, railways, and highways. By developing this key infrastructure, China hopes to foster mutually beneficial relationships with countries around the world to improve economic integration and connectivity.
\nAs of January 2024, approximately 150 countries from all continents have joined the BRI.
\nMost recently, China’s foreign policy direction can be understood by the concept of “A community with a shared future for mankind.” This is a diplomatic framework put forward by Chinese President Xi Jinping, which emphasizes cooperation, mutual respect, and shared benefits.
\nAt its core, the concept stresses the importance of dialogue and cooperation instead of confrontation and zero-sum competition. The idea is to create a global community that understands that common prosperity is the only way to create sustainable global peace and resolve global conflicts like climate change and world hunger.
\nYou’ll see this concept in China’s international diplomacy and foreign policy projects, such as the Belt and Road Initiative. This aligns with China’s push for a multipolar world and increased levels of global governance.
\n\nLearning Chinese doesn’t have to be all about reading textbooks, taking classes, and memorizing flashcards. Once you progress past the beginner level and become an intermediate speaker, you’ll be delighted to learn that one of the best things you can do to improve your Chinese is simply kick back and enjoy some Chinese movies and TV shows.
\nIf you want to target a particular area of Chinese, such as political language, then you can curate your movies and shows to acquire this type of vocabulary. Here are some of our top suggestions:
\n| English | \nChinese | \nTheme | \nDescription | \n
| In the Name of the People | \n人民的名义 | \nAnti-corruption | \nCenters on anti-corruption efforts in contemporary China, following a prosecutor as he investigates corruption cases. | \n
| Minning Town | \n山海情 | \nPoverty eradication | \nIt depicts the transformative journey of a poverty-stricken village in Ningxia, focusing on poverty alleviation efforts, rural revitalization, and the lives affected by these initiatives. | \n
| Like A Flowing River | \n大江大河 | \nReform and opening-up | \nTells the story of three men navigating the significant economic and social transformations in China between the 1970s and 1990s. | \n
Chinese politics and international relations objectives are deeply interesting and unique, especially if you come from a Western country. Whether you’re looking to work in China or simply want to learn more about the political system of this beautiful country, the vocabulary words in this article will help you expand your horizons by engaging in captivating political conversations in Chinese.
\nIf you enjoyed this article, then check out the rest of our Mandarin blog entries! We publish all kinds of fun Mandarin content to help you learn, from our guide to Chinese grammar to marketing vocabulary in Chinese.
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