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Sports"}],"contentType":"blog_posts","id":"1aa18b3d-9308-50a8-995e-4e4dd729811b","uid":"blt7bc14e15e5414169","publish_details":{"locale":"en-us"},"date":"2022-04-20","date_modified":null,"modified_date_text":null,"tags":["hreflang-blog-french-pronouns"],"post_content":"Any new language speaker needs to embrace repetition. And not just repetition as in vocabulary memorization, but also repetition as in saying the same thing over and over again. This happens when you haven’t yet mastered the pronouns, so you have to keep referring to people, places, and things by their name.
\nIf this sounds like you, then this blog post will help you overcome your repetition challenges. Pronouns help us avoid this repetition by giving us little words that replace the name of a thing or a person who has already been introduced earlier in the conversation.
\nLearning how to use the French pronouns not only will save you a lot of time but will also make you sound more like a native. Just think about all the English pronouns that you use all the time: he, she, it, etc. Would you sound natural if you could only speak without pronouns? Of course not!
\nSo, if you’re ready to move out of the beginner French level and into the intermediate French realm, keep reading to learn them all!
\nA pronoun is a short word that is used to replace a noun in spoken or written language. There are different kinds of pronouns that are used in different circumstances to replace different nouns.
\nPronouns help us avoid calling the same thing over and over by its name. Instead of repeatedly mentioning someone’s or something’s name, pronouns help us quickly and naturally refer to them.
\nWhile this may not sound like a big deal, pronouns play a huge role in everyday life. In fact, you probably couldn’t say a few sentences without using pronouns. That’s how important they are in everyday life!
\nDon’t believe me? Check out this short clip from the Disney movie, The Emperor’s New Groove.
\nIn the clip above, Kronk (who is not known for his smarts) uses the word ‘poison’ five times in under ten seconds. Of course, this scene was written like that for comedic purposes, but this is unfortunately what we sound like when we’re learning a new language and haven’t learned to use pronouns yet!
\n\nIn English, most nouns are neutral. Save for people and pets, we can get away with neutral pronouns like “it” most of the time. That’s not the case with French.
\nAs a heavily gendered language, you’ll find that every noun has its own gender. That means that pronouns need to match the gender of the noun they are replacing. So, in most cases, there will be a masculine and a feminine version of the same pronoun.
\nNow that you know that everything is gendered in French, it’s time we break the news: there is no “it” pronoun in French. Yep, one of the most frequently used words in English does not exist in French whatsoever.
\nYou might think that the pronoun il is used sort of similarly to “it.” And you’d be right, except that il doesn’t mean “it” – it means “he.” Since masculine is the default grammatical gender of French nouns, you could say that it’s the closest French has to an “it” pronoun.
\nEnglish does have pronouns: he, she, they, mine, yours, one, etc. However, French pronouns blow English pronouns out of the water.
\nNot only are there gender distinctions, but there are many different kinds of pronouns out there with a lot of encoded information about the noun they’re replacing. While English pronouns are relatively broad, French ones are very specific.
\nThis means that there are over a dozen French ones, while English has only seven. Luckily, we’ll cover all the most important ones in this blog!
\n\nMaster French pronouns with our free 22 page booklet including the most important types of pronouns. We give you examples on how to use pronouns in everyday life, to improve your French beyond beginner level.
\n
French subject pronouns are the most common type of pronouns. In fact, one of the most common French expressions includes a subject pronoun: je t’aime.
\nSubject pronouns are personal pronouns that replace the subject of a sentence. If you have trouble identifying what the subject of a sentence is, just remember that the subject is the one doing the action in the sentence.
\nYou need to be careful to use the right subject pronoun as the verb always needs to agree with the pronoun. If you’ve been learning French for a while now, you’re probably familiar with French conjugation rules. No matter how you feel about them, French verbs include a lot of important information thanks to conjugation rules.
\nWhen you use a subject pronoun, you will need to make sure that the verb and pronoun agree with each other. Because of this, you need to choose the correct subject pronoun when replacing the subject of your sentence.
\n| English | \nFrench masculine | \nFrench feminine | \nFrench example | \nEnglish translation | \n
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | \nJe | \nJe | \nJe veux manger. | \nI want to eat. | \n
| You | \nTu | \nTu | \nTu aimes bien aller à la plage. | \nYou like going to the beach. | \n
| He / she | \nIl | \nElle | \nElle est rentrée hier soir. | \nShe came back last night. | \n
| We | \nNous | \nNous | \nNous sommes américains. | \nWe are Americans. | \n
| You (plural + plural formal) | \nVous | \nVous | \nVous avez de la chance ! | \nYou are lucky! | \n
| They | \nIls | \nElles | \nIls parlent l’allemand. | \nThey speak German. | \n
| You (singular formal) | \nVous | \nVous | \nVoulez-vous prendre un café ? | \nDo you want to grab a coffee? | \n
Although French has many fascinating pronouns, there’s one that needs special attention: on. This is without a doubt one of the most unique pronouns in French, and it’s one of the most widely used, too!
\nOn technically translates to “one”, such as “one would think that learning French was difficult, but it’s really not!” However, in modern French, on actually means “we” in colloquial use.
\nYour French classes may have taught you that nous means “we” – and they’re not wrong. However, you’ll probably never hear a French person use nous in casual, spoken conversation.
\nThe pronoun on has all but replaced nous as the go-to subject pronoun for the first person plural. Anytime you speak French out loud and want to say “we”, you should be using on instead of nous.
\nJust keep in mind that on is third person singular, so any accompanying verbs should be conjugated as such. Here are some sample sentences:
\n| French | \nEnglish | \n
|---|---|
| On est en retard ! | \nWe are late! | \n
| On y va ! | \nWe are on our way! | \n
| On veut manger de la pizza. | \nWe want to eat pizza. | \n
While on is considered informal, it’s not so informal to be considered French slang. You’ll see people of all ages using this nifty pronoun all the time.
\nIn written French, nous is still very common. It’s just not as common in spoken French. Truthfully, you can stick to nous for both written and spoken French if you’re still working on mastering the pronouns. Just keep in mind that your goal should be to use nous in formal written French and on in spoken French!
\n\nAs their name implies, these pronouns are used whenever you want to stress who is doing the action. King Louis XIV famously said “L’État, c’est moi” to unequivocally proclaim the absolute power of his monarchy by stating that HE was the state. He could’ve just said “Je suis l’État,” but that wouldn’t have been as dramatic.
\nIf you, like Louis XIV, want to stress the subject of a sentence, then you need to start using stress pronouns, which are also known as the prepositional pronouns.
\n| English | \nFrench masculine | \nFrench feminine | \nFrench example | \nEnglish translation | \n
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Me | \nMoi | \nMoi | \nMoi, je n’aime pas voyager. | \nMyself, I don’t like traveling. | \n
| You | \nToi | \nToi | \nJe pense à toi. | \nI’m thinking of you. | \n
| He / her | \nLui | \nElle | \nElle, je l’aime ! | \nHer, I love her! | \n
| Us | \nNous | \nNous | \nNous, nous sommes déjà rentrés. | \nAs for us, we’ve already come back. | \n
| You (plural) | \nVous | \nVous | \nVous, vous avez dit non ! | \nYou had said no yourselves! | \n
| Them | \nEux | \nElles | \nMais eux, ils veulent manger de la pizza. | \nBut them, they want to eat pizza. | \n
| You (formal) | \nVous | \nVous | \nC’est vous, Madame Dubois ? | \nIs that you, Miss Dubois? | \n
| Oneself | \nSoi | \nSoi | \nOn va rester chez soi. | \nWe are going to stay (in our own) home. | \n
Quick note on the last one since there is no real English equivalent. Soi is a pronoun that roughly translates to oneself/themself/yourself. It is used when referring to something each person can do on their own. For example:
| French | \nEnglish | \n
|---|---|
| Demain, on va tous rester chez soi. | \nTomorrow, we will all stay home. | \n
| C’est important d’être soi-même. | \nIt’s important to be yourself. | \n
| On doit regarder devant soi. | \nOne needs to look ahead of oneself. | \n
Direct object pronouns serve to replace the noun that the sentence’s action is being done to. In other words, it’s the thing or person directly involved with the verb (other than the subject). For example, if you eat a hamburger, the hamburger is receiving the action (it is being eaten). To identify what the direct object is, you have to ask the questions “who?” and “what?”
\nLet’s take a look at the following example.
\nThe subject is the person doing the action, in this case Jimmy. The verb is the action, in this case “eats”. So, to identify the direct object, you have to ask a question:
\nSubject + verb + who/what? = direct object
\nSo, in our example above, our question would look like:
\nJimmy + eats + who/what?
\nWe don’t know Jimmy, but since his name isn’t Hannibal, we can rule out “who” as a possible question for our scenario. So, our question ends up being “Jimmy eats what?”
\nJimmy, of course, eats a hamburger, which ends up being our direct object in this scenario.
\nNow you know how to identify the direct object of any sentence!
\n| English | \nFrench masculine | \nFrench feminine | \nFrench example | \nEnglish translation | \n
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Me | \nMe | \nMe | \nTu m’aimes vraiment. | \nYou really love me. | \n
| You | \nTe | \nTe | \nJe te donne de l’attention. | \nI give you attention. | \n
| Him / her / it | \nLe | \nLa | \nJimmy va la manger. | \nJimmy will eat it. | \n
| Us | \nNous | \nNous | \nIl va nous faire bâiller ! | \nHe’ll make us yawn! | \n
| You (plural + plural formal) | \nVous | \nVous | \nJe vais vous appeler mes amis. | \nI will call you my friends. | \n
| Them | \nLes | \nLes | \nOn va les attendre un peu. | \nWe will wait for them a little bit. | \n
| You (singular formal) | \nVous | \nVous | \nJe vous suis. | \nI follow you. | \n
Indirect object pronouns serve to replace the noun to whom the action is being done. An indirect object is similar to a direct object, except that they answer the questions “to whom?” and “for whom” instead.
\nLet’s break down an example:
\nRoméo is the one doing the action in this situation, and the action is “gives.” Let’s use our direct object formula from the section above to first identify the direct object of this sentence.
\nSubject + verb + who/what? = Romeo + gives + what?
\nThe answer to our question is a box of chocolates. That’s our direct object! Now, to find the indirect object, let’s use the following formula:
\nSubject + verb + direct object + to whom/for whom? = Indirect object
\nSince we’ve already identified all three variables, let’s just plug them in to find our indirect object question:
\nRomeo + gives + a box of chocolates + to whom? = Juliette.
\nAnd there you go! Juliette is our indirect object. Now you know how to identify both direct and indirect objects like a pro!
\n| English | \nFrench masculine | \nFrench feminine | \nFrench example | \nEnglish translation | \n
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Me | \nMe | \nMe | \nIl m’a donné un café. | \nHe gave me a coffee. | \n
| You | \nTe | \nTe | \nJe veux te téléphoner. | \nI want to call you. | \n
| Him / her | \nLui | \nLui | \nRoméo lui donne une boîte de chocolat. | \nRomeo gives her a box of chocolates. | \n
| Us | \nNous | \nNous | \nElle ne nous voit plus. | \nShe doesn’t see us anymore. | \n
| You (plural + plural formal) | \nVous | \nVous | \nJe veux vous acheter un café. | \nI would like to buy you all a coffee. | \n
| Them | \nLeur | \nLeur | \nJe leur téléphone tous les jours. | \nI call them every day. | \n
| You (singular formal) | \nVous | \nVous | \nAttendez, s’il vous plaît, je vous donne mon numéro de téléphone. | \nWait, please, I will give you my phone number. | \n
Quick note on indirect pronouns: you may have spotted what may seem like a mistake. The French masculine singular pronoun for indirect objects is lui, and so is the feminine singular pronoun. Shouldn’t the feminine pronoun be elle?
\nIf you did notice this, great catch! Lui is usually only for masculine nouns, such as in the stress pronoun case. However, for indirect objects only, lui is used both for both masculine and feminine nouns. Now you know!
\n\nReflexive pronouns may seem redundant if not useless to English speakers. There are no reflexive pronouns in English, and we do just fine without them, right?
\nWell, reflexive pronouns play a huge role in spoken and written French. Whenever someone is doing something to themselves, you will need to use a reflexive pronoun.
\nRemember how to identify direct objects? You ask who or what the subject of the sentence is doing the action to. So, what happens when the subject is both doing and receiving the action? That’s where reflexive pronouns come in.
\n| English | \nFrench masculine | \nFrench feminine | \nFrench example | \nEnglish translation | \n
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | \nMe | \nMe | \nJe me souviens… | \nI remember… | \n
| You | \nTe | \nTe | \nTu t’es déjà vu dans le miroir ? | \nHave you seen yourself in the mirror yet? | \n
| He / she | \nSe | \nSe | \nLa musique ne s’arrête pas ! | \nThe music doesn’t stop! | \n
| We | \nNous | \nNous | \nDemain, nous devons nous réveiller très tôt. | \nTomorrow, we have to wake up very early. | \n
| You (plural + plural formal) | \nVous | \nVous | \nJe serai là pour vous, où que vous vous trouviez. | \nI will be there for you, wherever you find yourselves. | \n
| They | \nSe | \nSe | \nLes enfants, peuvent s’habiller eux mêmes ! | \nThe kids can get dressed by themselves! | \n
| You (singular formal) | \nVous | \nVous | \nAttention de ne pas vous blesser ! | \nCareful, don’t hurt yourself! | \n
Relative pronouns help us relate two different nouns or actions to each other. These nifty words allow us to describe nouns much more accurately, as we can attach them to additional information, which may or may not have been shared before.
\nFor example, check out some sample sentences in English of how relative pronouns can help us be much more accurate in our speech.
\n| English without relative pronouns | \nEnglish with relative pronouns | \nFrench with relative pronouns | \n
|---|---|---|
| The book is really interesting. | \nThe book that I bought is really interesting. | \nLe livre que j’ai acheté est très intéressant. | \n
| The runner is my cousin. | \nThe runner who won the race is my cousin. | \nLe coureur qui a gagné la course est mon cousin. | \n
| The city is very small. | \nThe city where I was born is very small. | \nLa ville où je suis née est très petite. | \n
As I’m sure you’ll agree, the sentences with relative pronouns include a lot more information about the nouns in question. Mastering the relative pronouns will undoubtedly help you easily give more detailed descriptions of anything that may be going on in your daily life.
\nOne thing to note, though, is that relative pronouns can sometimes be optional in English. For example, in the first sample sentence in our table above, you could just as well say “The book I bought is really interesting” in English.
\nIn French, you cannot omit the relative pronoun! Being aware of this rule will help you improve your French significantly, as omitting the relative pronoun (or using the incorrect one!) is one of the most common mistakes French learners make.
\nHere are the relative pronouns, except for a very important one: dont. This relative pronoun is special, so we’ve written a whole section on it. Keep reading to learn more.
| English | \nFrench masculine | \nFrench feminine | \nFrench example | \nEnglish translation | \n
|---|---|---|---|---|
| That | \nQue | \nQue | \nTu sais que je t’aime. | \nYou know that I love you. | \n
| Who | \nQui | \nQui | \nC’est toi qui me manques. | \nIt’s you I miss. | \n
| Which | \nLequel | \nLaquelle | \nLe resto dans lequel j’ai mangé. | \nThe restaurant in which I ate. | \n
| Which | \nLesquels | \nLesquelles | \nLes cahiers dans lesquels j’avais fait mes devoirs sont perdus ! | \nThe notebooks in which I had done my homework are missing! | \n
| Where, when | \nOù | \nOù | \nLa ville où je suis née est très petite. | \nThe city where I was born is very small. | \n
Dont is easily one of the hardest parts of the French language for foreign speakers to fully grasp. This pronoun doesn’t really have an English counterpart beyond “that,” which–as we know–is also the direct translation of many other French words. It can also translate into any of the following:
\nSo, how do you use this chameleon of a pronoun? For the most part, it’s used to replace the object of a de verb that also indicates possession. These verbs include avoir besoin de, parler de, avoir envie de, etc. Here are some examples:
\n| French without dont | \nFrench with dont | \nEnglish meaning | \n
|---|---|---|
| Elle est ma collègue. Je t’ai parlé d’elle. | \nC'est ma collègue dont je t’ai parlé. | \nThis is my colleague that I told you about. | \n
| Tu as besoin d’un livre pour faire tes devoirs. As-tu ce livre ? | \nAs-tu le livre dont tu as besoin pour faire tes devoirs ? | \nDo you have the book you need to do your homework? | \n
| J’ai rencontré un américain. La femme de cet américain est française. | \nJ’ai rencontré un américain dont la femme est française. | \nI met an American whose wife is French. | \n
Indefinite pronouns are some of the most handy types of pronouns in the French language. They let you replace almost any noun with a handy pronoun so you don’t have to keep repeating yourself.
\nIndefinite pronouns are also very common in English, so if you’ve got a good handle on those, you should have no problem dealing with the indefinite pronouns in French.
\n| English | \nFrench masculine | \nFrench feminine | \nFrench example | \nEnglish translation | \n
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Another | \nAutre | \nAutre | \nJe ne veux pas manger cette pomme, je voudrais une autre. | \nI don’t want to eat this apple, I would like another one. | \n
| Certain one, some, a few | \nCertain | \nCertaine | \nOn a mangé certains de ses repas. | \nWe ate some of their meals. | \n
| Each one | \nChacun | \nChacune | \nChacun de vous doit faire ses devoirs. | \nEach one of you has to do the homework. | \n
| Several | \nPlusieurs | \nPlusieurs | \nPlusieurs de mes amis m’ont dit que je ressemble à Brad Pitt. | \nSeveral of my friends have told me that I look like Brad Pitt. | \n
| Something | \nQuelque chose | \nQuelque chose | \nVeux-tu manger quelque chose ? | \nDo you want to eat something? | \n
| Someone | \nQuelqu’un | \nQuelqu’un | \nJe reviens toute de suite, quelqu’un me demande. | \nI’ll be right back, someone is looking for me. | \n
| Some | \nQuelques-uns | \nQuelques-unes | \nJ’ai invité tous mes amis, mais quelques-uns ne peuvent pas venir. | \nI invited all of my friends, but some won’t be able to come. | \n
| Oneself | \nSoi | \nSoi | \nIl faut faire ses devoirs soi-même ! | \nYou have to do the homework by yourself! | \n
| One | \nTel | \nTelle | \nIl aime manger du fromage à tel point qu’il en mange tous les jours ! | \nHe likes to eat cheese so much that he eats it every day! | \n
| Everything | \nTout | \nToute | \nTout est parfait ! | \nEverything is perfect! | \n
| Everyone | \nTous | \nToutes | \nTous sont invités à ma fête d’anniversaire ! | \nEveryone is invited to my birthday party! | \n
| One, a | \nUn | \nUne | \nOui, j’en veux une ! | \nYes, I want one! | \n
Possessive pronouns work very similarly to possessive pronouns in English. You’re surely familiar with the English ones already: mine, his, hers, ours, etc.
\nThere are a few important differences between how French and English possessive pronouns are used. The first is – you guessed it – gender! These pronouns are always gendered in French, so don’t forget to pay attention to the noun’s gender when trying to claim something as yours (or anyone’s!). Note that these pronouns change based on the noun’s gender, not the owner’s gender!
\nAnother difference is that French possessive pronouns do make a distinction between singular and plural nouns, whereas English possessive pronouns don’t. So, you’ll also have to be careful to use the correct pronoun for plural or singular.
\nFinally, there is no gender distinction based on the person or thing that possesses something. In English, you would say hers or his depending on whose it is. There is no such distinction in French! The only gender you have to worry about is the object’s gender.
\n| English | \nFrench masculine | \nFrench feminine | \nFrench example | \nEnglish translation | \n
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mine (singular) | \nLe mien | \nLa mienne | \nSi ton stylo ne marche pas, tu peux prendre le mien. | \nIf your pen doesn’t work, you can use mine. | \n
| Mine (plural) | \nLes miens | \nLes miennes | \nJ’aime bien tes chaussures, mais je préfère les miennes. | \nI like your shoes, but I prefer mine. | \n
| Yours (singular) | \nLe tien | \nLa tienne | \nMa voiture est chez le garagiste, alors je vais prendre la tienne. | \nMy car is at the mechanic, so I’m going to take yours. | \n
| Yours (plural) | \nLes tiens | \nLes tiennes | \nNe joue pas avec mes jeux, tu as les tiens ! | \nDon’t play with my toys, you have yours! | \n
| His/hers/theirs/its (singular) | \nLe sien | \nLa sienne | \nElle n’a pas pris ta pomme, elle a la sienne ! | \nShe didn’t take your apple, she has hers! | \n
| His/hers/theirs/its (plural) | \nLes siens | \nLes siennes | \nJ’ai mes sports préférés et il a les siens. | \nI have my favorite sports and he has his. | \n
| Ours (singular) | \nLe nôtre | \nLa nôtre | \nVotre appartement est plus grand que le nôtre. | \nYour apartment is bigger than ours. | \n
| Ours (plural) | \nLes nôtres | \nLes nôtres | \nVoulez-vous acheter vos serviettes, ou voulez-vous prendre les nôtres ? | \nWould you like to buy your own towels, or would you like to use ours? | \n
| Yours (singular) | \nLe vôtre | \nLa vôtre | \nMa maison est plus petite que la vôtre. | \nMy house is smaller than yours. | \n
| Yours (plural) | \nLes vôtres | \nLes vôtres | \nJ’ai mon opinion et vous avez les vôtres. | \nI have my opinion and you all have yours. | \n
| Theirs (singular) | \nLe leur | \nLa leur | \nIls ne doivent pas entrer dans une salle de cours qui n’est pas la leur. | \nThey shouldn’t go into a classroom that isn’t theirs. | \n
| Theirs (plural) | \nLes leurs | \nLes leurs | \nCes lunettes de soleil sont-elles les miennes ou les leurs ? | \nAre these sunglasses mine or theirs? | \n
| Yours (formal, singular) | \nLe vôtre | \nLa vôtre | \nExcusez-moi Madame, quel manteau est le vôtre ? | \nExcuse me Miss, which coat is yours? | \n
| Yours (formal, plural) | \nLes vôtres | \nLes vôtres | \nJ’ai déjà pris mes clés, avez-vous pris les vôtres ? | \nI already grabbed my keys, have you grabbed yours? | \n
If you want to hammer down on any areas that can give away a foreign speaker from a native speaker, then this is one you need to pay close attention to. Just as English interrogative pronouns “who” and “whom” are hard to master (even for native speakers!), interrogative pronouns will require a ton of practice.
\nLuckily, there are only three interrogative pronouns: qui, que, and lequel. Let’s take a closer look at how to use each one.
\nQui in French corresponds to “who” in English. The problem is that it also corresponds to “whom,” which complicates things a little bit.
\nAs a refresher, in English, we use “who” when speaking about the subject, and “whom” when speaking about the object. In other words, “who” is used to ask about someone, whereas “whom” is used to ask about something pertaining to someone.
\nThe same is true in French, except that qui is used in both situations. So, how do you differentiate between the two?
\nWhen using the interrogative pronoun qui to ask about the object of the question, you need to:
\nHere are a few examples.
\n| English | \nFrench “est-ce” | \nFrench inversion | \n
|---|---|---|
| Who do you love? | \nQui est-ce que tu aimes ? | \nQui aimes-tu ? | \n
| Who do you know? | \nQui est-ce que tu connais ? | \nQui connais-tu ? | \n
| Who are you looking at? | \nQui est-ce que tu regardes ? | \nQui regardes-tu ? | \n
Que translates to “that” in English, and can also refer to either the subject or the object of the question. Just like qui, the pronoun que is sometimes followed by est-ce or an inversion. Here’s how to use the interrogative pronoun que like a native.
\nHere are a few examples of each situation.
\n| English | \nFrench “est-ce” | \nFrench inversion | \n
|---|---|---|
| What is he saying? | \nQu’est-ce qu’il dit ? | \nQue dit-il ? | \n
| What do you think of this course? | \nQu’est-ce que tu penses de ce cours ? | \nQue penses-tu de ce cours ? | \n
| What do you want to study? | \nQu’est-ce que vous voulez étudier ? | \nQue voulez-vous étudier ? | \n
| Who broke the cup? | \nQui est-ce qui a cassé la tasse? | \nQui a cassé la tasse? | \n
Lequel is not an easy pronoun to master. However, the fact that you’re reading this blog already puts you ahead of the curve when it comes to learning the pronouns in French. Let us show you how to master this tricky pronoun.
\nFirst, you should know that lequel translates to “which,” such as “Which car is yours?” Now, let’s circle back to the purpose of pronouns: to replace other words. The words that lequel replaces are “quel/quelle + a noun.”
\nSo, instead of saying “Which car is yours?” you can also say “What car is yours?” if you don't want to use interrogative pronouns. Let’s translate this to French now:
\n| French without lequel | \nFrench with lequel | \n
|---|---|
| Quelle voiture est la tienne ? | \nLaquelle est la tienne? | \n
See how the use of laquelle helps you avoid using voiture? That’s the whole point of this wonderful pronoun!
\nNow, here are the different versions of the French interrogative pronoun lequel.
\n| English | \nFrench masculine | \nFrench feminine | \nFrench example | \nEnglish translation | \n
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Which | \nLequel | \nLaquelle | \nLe sac dans lequel j’ai mis mes clés est perdu. | \nThe bag in which I put my keys is missing. | \n
| Which | \nLesquels | \nLesquelles | \nLes célébrités pour lesquelles j’avais tant d’admiration ne sont que gens ordinaires. | \nThe celebrities for whom I had so much admiration are just regular people. | \n
Demonstrative pronouns are another very popular pronoun type, both in English and French. These are what you’d use to quickly refer to something within your immediate proximity or something previously mentioned, such as “this one” or “the one.”
\nLuckily, there are only a handful of demonstrative pronouns that you need to learn, and they work very similarly to those in English!
\n| English | \nFrench masculine | \nFrench feminine | \nFrench example | \nEnglish translation | \n
|---|---|---|---|---|
| This one | \nCelui | \nCelle | \nCe champignon n’a pas l’air comestible, mais celui-là si. | \nThis mushroom doesn’t look edible, but this other one does. | \n
| These ones, which (of these) | \nCeux | \nCelles | \nParmi tous les pays du monde, quels sont ceux que tu as visités ? | \nOf all the countries in the world, which are the ones you’ve visited? | \n
| This | \nCe | \nCe | \nCe n’est pas un problème ! | \nThis is not a problem! | \n
| This | \nCeci | \nCeci | \nCeci n’est pas une blague ! | \nThis is not a joke! | \n
| That | \nCela | \nCela | \nCela c’est terminé. | \nThat is over. | \n
| It, that | \nÇa | \nÇa | \nÇa marche ? | \nThat works? | \n
This adverbial pronoun is one of the hardest ones to master in the French language. But, if you manage to master it (along with the y and dont pronouns), you’ll be well on your way to speaking French like a true native!
\nEn is usually not easy to grasp for non-native speakers because it doesn’t really translate into any other language. This is a quintessential pronoun that will force you to think like a French person in order to understand it.
\nSome of the possible translations include:
\nBut really, try not to translate this pronoun in your head as it really won’t make a lot of sense. Instead, try to pay close attention to which contexts it is used in and immerse yourself in French to pick up where this pronoun belongs (and where it doesn’t!).
\nWith that said, here are the two most common ways to use the pronoun en:
\nAs you now know, pronouns replace a thing that has previously been mentioned to avoid repetition. The same is true for the pronoun en. This pronoun usually replaces the object of a verb that is used with the preposition de. If you are unfamiliar, we’ll provide some examples below.
\nThese verbs are special because they are necessarily followed by a direct object. That is, the action has to be done to someone or something. So, using the pronoun en helps you bypass this as it helps replace the direct object (what the verb is being done to).
\nHere are a few examples of verbs that go with de prepositions and how to use the en pronoun to replace the object.
\n| English verb | \nFrench verb | \nFrench example without en | \nFrench example with en | \nEnglish meaning | \n
|---|---|---|---|---|
| To be scared of | \nAvoir peur de | \nJ’ai peur des araignées. | \nJ’en ai peur. | \nI am scared of spiders. | \n
| To come back from | \nRevenir de | \nJe reviens de France. | \nJ’en reviens. | \nI’m coming back from France. | \n
| To need something | \nAvoir besoin de | \nJ’ai besoin de ton aide. | \nJ’en ai besoin. | \nI need your help. | \n
| To dream of | \nRêver de | \nJe rêve de la remise des diplômes ! | \nJ’en rêve ! | \nI dream of graduation day! | \n
This one is a little trickier and will require an intuitive understanding of the pronoun to master. If you find this confusing right now, do not worry! The more you practice your French, the easier it will be to just “get” what sounds right and what doesn’t. In the meantime, here are some helpful tips to start using this pronoun right away.
\nThe same principles from the situation above still stand: the pronoun en serves to replace a “de + noun” combo. This construction naturally happens when you talk about quantities, especially when you mention numbers or anything that can be quantifiable.
\nThis is similar to English when you replace the object with “some of them” or “a few of them.” Although not exactly identical, this can help you contextualize the pronoun en before you start really getting a feel for it.
\nLet’s look at a dialogue:
\n— Hello. Would you like to buy some apples?
\n— Yes! I would like to buy some of them.
\n— How many of them would you like?
\n— I would like four of them, please.
\nNotice how all four sentences talk about apples, but only the first one explicitly mentions them? That’s the beauty of pronouns! As mentioned, “some of them” is one of the possible translations of the French en pronoun, so let’s take a look at the same dialogue in French to see how they compare.
\n— Bonjour ! Veux-tu acheter des pommes?
\n— Oui! Je veux en acheter.
\n— Tu veux en acheter combien ?
\n— J’en veux quatre, s’il vous plaît.
\nHere are a few more examples to help you get a better sense of this tricky pronoun!
\n| French example without en | \nFrench example with en | \nEnglish meaning | \n
|---|---|---|
| J’ai dix paires de chaussures. | \nJ’en ai dix. | \nI have ten pairs of shoes. | \n
| Je mange de la glace. | \nJ’en mange. | \nI eat ice cream. | \n
| Elle veut un peu de sel. | \nElle en veut un peu. | \nShe wants a bit of salt. | \n
| Mon père a huit frères. | \nMon père en a huit. | \nMy father has eight brothers. | \n
If the pronoun en had siblings, the pronoun y would definitely be one of them. However, if the pronoun en loves the preposition de, then the pronoun y loves the preposition à.
\nJust as with the en pronoun, there are two main ways the pronoun y is used. Let’s investigate each one!
\nThe most common use of this pronoun is to replace a place. If you’ve been taking French classes, you’ve certainly heard of the expression “on y va !” which is very common among French speakers. If you haven’t heard it before, it means something like “let’s go!” although its literal translation is more like “one there goes!”
\nIn this expression, the pronoun y takes the place of a previously-mentioned place or an unspecified location. Most places are preceded by the preposition “à,” although you may also spot other prepositions like “en,” “au,” “sur,” or “sous.”
\n| French example without y | \nFrench example with y | \nEnglish meaning | \n
|---|---|---|
| Je suis allée en France. | \nJ’y suis allée. | \nI went to France. | \n
| Il est chez Marie. Il va chez Marie tous les jours. | \nIl est chez Marie. Il y va tous les jours. | \nHe is at Marire’s place. He goes there every day. | \n
| J’aime bien l’école, je vais à l’école avec plaisir. | \nJ’aime bien l’école, j’y vais avec plaisir. | \nI like school, I go there happily. | \n
Just like the pronoun en can replace the object of de verbs, the y pronoun can replace the indirect objects of à verbs. In English, these are the verbs that are normally followed by “of” or “to,” such as “thinking of” or “talking to.”
\nIn any case, here are a few à verb examples and their corresponding sample sentences with the pronoun y:
\n| English verb | \nFrench verb | \nFrench example without en | \nFrench example with en | \nEnglish meaning | \n
|---|---|---|---|---|
| To be interested in | \nS'intéresser à | \nElle s'intéresse aux jeux vidéo. | \nElle s'y intéresse. | \nShe is interested in video games. | \n
| To think of | \nPenser à | \nJe pense souvent à mon futur. | \nJ’y pense souvent. | \nI often think about my future. | \n
| To reply to | \nRépondre à | \nJe réponds à son message. | \nJ’y réponds. | \nI reply to his message. | \n
No, you cannot skip subject pronouns in French. Unlike other Romance languages, like Spanish and Italian, French does not allow you to skip the subject pronouns.
\nThis is because French verb conjugations are less distinctive based on the person. Whereas in Spanish, you’d be able to easily tell who the subject is based on the conjugation of a verb, the same is not true for French.
\nYes, most pronouns are gendered. This is because French is a gendered language, and all objects have a corresponding gender. Even words that you wouldn’t associate with male or female have a gender, such as chair or table. Because of this, pronouns need to be gendered so that they can match the gender of the object or person they are replacing.
\nCOD stands for complément d’objet direct and refers to the direct object of the sentence. The direct object is the thing or person the verb is being done to, such as:
\nIn the sentence above, the verb is “gives.” So, what is Roméo giving? A box of chocolates!
\nAlthough you may think that Juliette may be the COD because Roméo is giving the box to her, you have to pay attention to what the verb is actually being done to. Juliette isn’t the one being given in this sentence – it’s the box of chocolates!
\nRemember that the COD answers the questions “what?” and “who?”
\nCOI stands for complément d’objet indirect and refers to the indirect object of the sentence. The indirect object is the thing or person receiving the action of the sentence. Let’s revisit our sentence:
\nWho is receiving what Roméo is giving? Juliette, of course!
\nThe COI answers the questions “to whom?”, “for whom?”, and “for what?”
\nTraditionally, there aren't. However, two new gender-neutral pronouns have recently been introduced by French-speakers in an effort to be more inclusive: iel and iels.
\nThese pronouns are a combination of il and elle and their corresponding plural forms. They are used similarly to the singular “they” in English, and you can use them just as you’d use il/ils/elle/elles in French.
\nAlthough these inclusive pronouns are not super common in France, the online dictionary LeRobert included them in their online dictionary. So, go ahead and use them freely if you’re trying to be inclusive!
\n\nIf you’ve made it through this extensive guide, you probably understand that pronouns are not something that you can just drill down in a long night at the library. Learning how and when to use each pronoun takes a lot of time, effort, and mistakes.
\nDon’t be afraid of using pronouns incorrectly! If you’re taking group French classes, your teacher or a fellow classmate will be able to correct you when you mess up.
\nIt might get boring and repetitive after a while, but that’s the name of the game. If you’re still in the beginner French level, one of the best things you can do to improve is copy what other people are saying. Word for word!
\nWe know you’re probably dying to start making your own sentences and having conversations in French, but one of the best ways to get there is to constantly imitate what other people are saying. That will help your brain start making connections about what sounds right and what doesn’t. Eventually, you’ll be able to use pronouns like a true native!
\nMastering the pronouns is one of the hardest parts about learning French. Even native speakers mess up their pronouns every now and then. So, don’t forget to be patient with your learning journey.
\nYou don’t have to master the pronouns in one sitting, one week, or even one semester. Working your way through the world of pronouns will undoubtedly take some time, so just relax and try to do your best.
\nIf you feel that you need a little bit of extra help mastering the pronouns in French, you can always book a one-on-one lesson with one of our certified French teachers. Your teacher will happily walk you through any pronouns you’re having a hard time grasping.
\n\nIf you’ve made it through the end of this blog, congratulations! You now know more about this subject than most. While there are many different rules on pronoun use that you'll have to learn, don’t pressure yourself into mastering the pronouns right away.
\nJust pay attention to your pronoun use as you speak, and you'll slowly make progress towards true mastery. And once you do master the pronouns, you’ll be that much closer to speaking French like a native!
\nFeel free to bookmark this page and reference back to it any time you have a specific question about any pronoun. And if you have questions about other French topics, make sure to check out our French blog for even more helpful guides and resources (all completely free!).
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