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teams"},{"uid":"blt8bde058702d6cb3b","value":"/blog/culture-insight-inclusion-and-community-on-diverse-and-dispersed-teams","label":"Culture insight: inclusion and community on diverse and dispersed teams"},{"uid":"blt69b884e9465044cf","value":"/blog/serving-yourself-a-drink-in-japan","label":"Cultural don'ts: Serving yourself a drink in Japan"},{"uid":"bltecccab0a8d7ab4fe","value":"/blog/characteristics-of-high-performance-multicultural-teams","label":"Characteristics of high-performance multicultural teams"},{"uid":"blt512b83300f9c19d7","value":"/blog/culture-insight-a-business-case-for-diversity","label":"Culture insight: a business case for diversity"},{"uid":"bltbbadccdbcda768bc","value":"/blog/why-learn-a-new-language-sports","label":"Why learn a new language: Sports"}],"contentType":"blog_posts","id":"21c0ca50-eabf-5cea-b916-e21543d7f1c3","uid":"bltc37cec4e7495e526","publish_details":{"locale":"en-us"},"date":"2024-04-04","date_modified":null,"modified_date_text":null,"tags":["hreflang-blog-chinese-characters-guide"],"post_content":"Fear not! Although they might seem intimidating if you’re just about to start learning Mandarin Chinese, the characters are one of the most fun and interesting parts of this language.
These logographic symbols represent some of China’s oldest history, with some of the earliest Chinese characters dating back over 3,000 years ago. As such, they carry deep cultural meanings and are an irreplaceable part of the Chinese language. If you’re familiar with the difference between Mandarin and Cantonese, then you know that characters are the unifying force behind all Chinese dialects. While each dialect has unique pronunciations and some grammar differences, the meaning of the characters remains largely unchanged across dialects — making them all part of the Chinese language.
So, if you’ve already reviewed our 10 expert tips to learn Chinese characters and are ready to go all in by learning about the origin, types, and meaning of them, then this guide is for you. We’ve even included a chart of the 100 most common ones to help you kickstart your journey to Chinese fluency!
We’ve got a lot of ground to cover, so let’s get right to it!
Chinese characters are logograms used to write Chinese. Instead of using an alphabet, Chinese uses these symbols to represent meaning. Each character corresponds to a syllable and, by extension, a word or concept. Words in Chinese are mostly made up of two or three characters, so you can think of them as the building blocks of written Chinese.
There are thousands of characters, although knowing just 3,000 to 4,000 of them is enough to navigate modern Chinese. That’s because most words are made up of a combination of the most common characters. This means that Chinese is a language that builds upon itself, as once you learn your first few hundred characters, learning new words will be significantly easier as you’ll already know some of the characters!
Let’s take a closer look:
The history of Chinese characters can be traced back over 3,000 years to the Shang Dynasty, where the earliest known scripts were inscribed on oracle bones. These ancient characters, known as “jiaguwen” (甲骨文), were mainly used for divination purposes. They were pictographic in nature, meaning they were symbols that directly represented objects, animals or concepts. For instance, the character for “sun” (日) resembled a circular object with a dot in the center, symbolizing the sun.
Over the centuries, Chinese characters have undergone significant evolution in form and function. Following the oracle bone script, the Bronze Age brought about the Bronze Inscriptions, known as the “jinwen” (金文), used in inscriptions on bronze artifacts. This script eventually evolved into the Seal script during the Western Zhou dynasty, or “dazhuan” (大篆), characterized by its more stylized and abstract forms.
The Qin dynasty marked a pivotal moment in the standardization of characters through the promotion of the Small Seal script, known as “xiaozhuan” (小篆), as the official national writing standard. The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, who sought to unify the writing system across his empire, drove this effort. However, the complexity of the Seal script led to the development of the Clerical script, or “lishu” (隶书), during the Han dynasty, which featured a more linear and simplified style.
The Tang Dynasty then saw the popularization of the Regular script, also known as “kaishu” (楷书), which is the basis for contemporary Chinese writing. This script is characterized by its balanced structure and is the style commonly taught in schools today.
Chinese characters can typically be broken down into the following key components:
Discussing characters in Chinese typically comes with a few associated words. Here’s the most common Chinese character vocabulary:
| English | Chinese | Pinyin | Pronunciation |
| Chinese characters | 汉字 | hàn zì | hann tzyh |
| Oracle bone script | 甲骨文 | jiǎ gǔ wén | jea guu wen |
| Font | 字体 | zì tǐ | tzyh tii |
| Strokes | 笔画 | bǐ huà | bii huah |
| Radicals | 偏旁部首 | piān páng bù shǒu | pian parng buh shoou |
| Traditional Chinese characters | 繁体字 | fán tǐ zì | farn tii tzyh |
| Simplified Chinese characters | 简体字 | jiǎn tǐ zì | jean tii tzyh |
| Pinyin | 拼音 | pīn yīn | pin in |
| Four tones | 四声调 | sì shēng diào | syh sheng diaw |
| Vocabulary words | 词汇 | cí huì | tsyr huey |
| Calligraphy | 书法 | shū fǎ | shu faa |
| Idioms | 成语 | chéng yǔ | cherng yeu |
| Dictionary | 字典 | zì diǎn | tzyh dean |
| Grammar | 语法 | yǔ fǎ | yeu faa |
| Syllable | 音节 | yīn jié | in jye |
| Pronunciation | 发音 | fā yīn | fa in |
| Sentence | 句子 | jù zi | jiuh tzy |
| Phrase | 词组 | cí zǔ | tsyr tzuu |
| Pictograms | 象形字 | xiàng xíng zì | shianq shyng tzyh |
| Phono-semantic characters | 形声字 | xíng shēng zì | shyng sheng tzyh |
| Simple ideograms | 指事字 | zhǐ shì zì | jyy shyh tzyh |
| Compound ideograms | 会意字 | huì yì zì | huey yih tzyh |
| Transfer characters | 转注字 | zhuǎn zhù zì | joan juh tzyh |
| Loan characters | 假借字 | jiǎ jiè zì | jea jieh tzyh |
Chinese characters have evolved for thousands of years from multiple sources. That means different characters were developed from different places, so they all have different ways of existing. Here’s a breakdown of the types you’ll run into:
![\"Learning](\"https://images.contentstack.io/v3/assets/bltacc1a01c4d280f24/blt4cb4dd48e0f788e2/660e83fd407aec10226c6d36/istock-1079827222.jpg?auto=webp&format=pjpg&quality=80&\")
Pictograms are characters that visually represent the objects they denote. They’re among the oldest types of Chinese characters and are the foundation of many complex characters.
For example:
These characters combine a phonetic component that suggests the pronunciation and a semantic component that suggests the meaning. The majority of characters fall under this category, as this system allowed the expansion of the Chinese lexicon while maintaining a connection between form, meaning, and sound.
Here are some examples:
| English | Chinese | Pinyin | Semantic component | Semantic pinyin | Semantic meaning | Phonetic component | Phonetic pinyin |
| Mother | 妈 | mā | 女 | nǚ | female | 马 | mǎ |
| Lake | 湖 | hú | 氵 | shuǐ | water | 胡 | hú |
| Cat | 猫 | māo | 犭 | quǎn | dog | 苗 | miáo |
These characters represent abstract concepts through unique visual symbols. Simple ideograms modify or combine basic strokes to convey an idea or concept, often related to numbers, directions, or relationships. Due to their direct representation of ideas, they’re among the most straightforward characters to understand.
Here are some examples:
| English | Chinese | Pinyin | Pronunciation |
| Above, showing something above a line | 上 | shàng | shanq |
| Middle, indicating the center point within a boundary | 中 | zhōng | jong |
| Small, depicting three small dots | 小 | xiǎo | sheau |
| Big, represented by a person with arms and legs stretched out, signifying largeness | 大 | dà | dah |
These characters combine elements to create new meanings, where each part contributes to the overall concept of the character. They illustrate complex ideas or objects by juxtaposing simpler pictograms or ideograms, offering a more nuanced understanding of the terms they represent.
Some examples are:
| English | Chinese | Pinyin | Components 1 |
| Bright | 明 | míng | Sun (日) and moon (月) shine together, symbolizing brightness |
| Rest | 休 | xiū | Shows a person (人) next to a tree (木), indicating rest. |
| Trust | 信 | xìn | Combines a person (人) saying words (言), suggesting trustworthiness. |
Transfer characters are a unique set where the meaning of a character is extended to a related concept. This category is less common but illustrates the adaptability and evolution of the Chinese script over time.
Here is a pair of transfer characters:
Loan characters are fascinating, as they were originally used for one word but were borrowed to create another word with phonetic similarity. At times, the meaning of the original character was entirely abandoned, with the newly created character conveying the original meaning. This category highlights the flexibility of the Chinese script in adapting characters for new meanings when phonetic or conceptual similarities allow for it.
Diving into the world of the Chinese language is an adventure that spans not just the language itself but also the rich culture behind it. Knowing how to write Chinese characters correctly will help you understand them more easily, learn to write them faster, and appreciate a new dimension of Chinese.
![\"Learning](\"https://images.contentstack.io/v3/assets/bltacc1a01c4d280f24/blt0fedd8a27cac9a3e/660e84aff407dd10e4316c81/istock-1139791082.jpg?auto=webp&format=pjpg&quality=80&\")
Chinese characters are composed of strokes, each with its own name and set of rules. Understanding the strokes is the first step toward mastery, as you’ll be able to identify the building blocks of each character. Some of the most common strokes are:
Stroke order is crucial in Chinese calligraphy. It not only ensures the characters look balanced and beautiful but also facilitates faster and more intuitive writing. Here are some golden rules:
Check out the following video for a quick demonstration of how these rules are put together:
Balancing characters is an essential skill in mastering the art of Chinese writing. The beauty of a character is often judged by its balance and structure, which requires understanding how each character is arranged within an imaginary square. Here are some strategies to help you achieve balance:
Improving your handwriting in Chinese is an important skill that combines art, discipline, and language learning. Here are some practical tips to improve your Chinese character handwriting skills:
Learning how to write or draw in Chinese can be much easier with the right tools. Thankfully, modern technology has made it remarkably easy to learn how to write characters, although some traditional tools are still extremely helpful. We’ve compiled some of the best apps for learning Chinese characters below:
![\"Downloading](\"https://images.contentstack.io/v3/assets/bltacc1a01c4d280f24/bltc6e1547e62a9d194/660e86facac0bcb80ac88672/istock-496854380.jpg?auto=webp&format=pjpg&quality=80&\")
You’re probably used to having a keyboard with 70 keys or so that includes one key for each letter in the alphabet, plus a few extra symbols. So, if Chinese doesn’t have an alphabet, then how are you supposed to type thousands of characters on a keyboard?
The short answer is pinyin. Thanks to this Romanization system, it is now extremely easy to write Chinese characters digitally without having to memorize thousands of stroke orders. Simply add a Chinese keyboard setting to your device, enter the pinyin, and select the character from the corresponding matches. Best part? You don’t even have to buy a new keyboard!
Here are step-by-step instructions for typing Chinese characters on different devices:
![\"Instructions](\"https://images.contentstack.io/v3/assets/bltacc1a01c4d280f24/bltdef7c9c451759456/660e877a55ef0950a16c07f8/istock-509559078.jpg?auto=webp&format=pjpg&quality=80&\")
If you came here looking for a list of the 100 most common Chinese characters, then look no further. The following table includes the top 100 characters ranked by frequency, so if you’re an absolute beginner, then this is a great place to start.
| English | Character | Pinyin | Pronunciation | Words |
| A grammatical particle that denotes possession | 的 | de | de | 的话 (if), 我的 (my), 你的 (your) |
| One | 一 | yī | i | 一样 (the same), 一起 (together), 一个 (one) |
| To be | 是 | shì | shyh | 是的 (yes), 不是(is not), 是非(right and wrong) |
| No, negative | 不 | bù | buh | 不好 (not good), 不能 (cannot), 不是 (is not) |
| Verb particle making past tense, completed action or change in condition. | 了 | le | lhe | 完了 (finished/over), 吃了 (ate), 到了 (arrived) |
| Person | 人 | rén | ren | 人民 (people), 人类 (humanity), 一个人 (one person) |
| I/me | 我 | wǒ | woo | 我们 (we/us), 我的 (my/mine), 我爱你 (I love you) |
| At/in | 在 | zài | tzay | 现在 (now), 在线 (online), 在家 (at home) |
| To have | 有 | yǒu | yeou | 有没有 (whether or not), 有意义 (meaningful), 有趣 (interesting) |
| He/him | 他 | tā | ta | 他们 (they/them), 他的 (his), 他人 (others) |
| This | 这 | zhè | jeh | 这里 (here), 这样 (this way), 这些 (these) |
| Middle | 中 | zhōng | jong | 中国 (China), 中心 (center), 中间 (middle) |
| Big | 大 | dà | dah | 大家 (everyone), 大小 (size), 大学 (university) |
| To come | 来 | lái | lai | 来自 (come from), 来吧 (come on), 来临 (approach/come) |
| Up/on | 上 | shàng | shanq | 上面 (above/on top), 上学 (go to school), 上班 (go to work) |
| Country | 国 | guó | gwo | 国家 (country), 中国 (China), 国际 (international) |
| General measure word | 个 | gè | geh | 一个 (one), 个人 (individual), 个别 (individual/specific) |
| To arrive | 到 | dào | daw | 到达 (to arrive),到处 (everywhere), 到底 (actually/on earth) |
| To say | 说 | shuō | shuo | 说话 (to speak), 说明 (to explain), 说服 (to persuade) |
| Plural marker | 们 | men | mhen | 他们 (they/them) 我们 (we/us), 你们 (you all) |
| For | 为 | wèi | wey | 为了 (for the purpose of), 为什么 (why), 为着 (in order to) |
| Child/son | 子 | zǐ/zi | tzyy | 孩子 (child), 样子 (appearance), 儿子 (son) |
| And | 和 | hé | her | 和平 (peace), 和谐 (harmony), 和气 (gentle) |
| You | 你 | nǐ | nii | 你们 (you all), 你的 (your), 你好 (hello) |
| Ground | 地 | dì/de | dih/de | 地方 (place), 地球 (earth),艰难地 (with difficulty) |
| Out | 出 | chū | chu | 出来 (come out), 出去 (go out), 出现 (appear) |
| Way/path | 道 | dào | daw | 道路 (road), 道理 (principle), 知道 (know) |
| Also | 也 | yě | yee | 也许 (perhaps), 也是 (also is), 也好 (might as well) |
| Time | 时 | shí | shyr | 时间 (time), 时代 (era), 时候 (moment) |
| Year | 年 | nián | nian | 年龄 (age), 年度 (year), 每年 (every year) |
| To get | 得 | dé/de | de | 得到 (obtain), 觉得 (to think), 应得 (deservd) |
| Then | 就 | jiù | jiow | 就是 (is just), 就要 (is going to), 就近 (nearby) |
| That | 那 | nà | nah | 那里 (there), 那么 (so/then), 那样 (that way) |
| To want | 要 | yào/yāo | yaw | 需要 (demand/need), 重要 (important), 要求 (request) |
| Down | 下 | xià | shiah | 下来 (come down), 下去 (go down), 下雨 (rain) |
| With/by | 以 | yǐ | yii | 以前 (before), 以后 (after), 以为 (to assume) |
| Life/birth | 生 | shēng | sheng | 生活 (life), 生日 (birthday), 生产 (produce) |
| Can/meet/will | 会 | huì | huey | 会议 (conference), 会见 (meet), 会谈 (talks) |
| Self | 自 | zì | tzyh | 自己 (oneself), 自由 (freedom), 自然 (nature) |
| Continuing action or state | 着 | zhe | je | 看着 (looking at), 穿着 (wearing), 跟着 (following) |
| To go | 去 | qù | chiuh | 去年 (last year), 去掉 (remove), 离去 (depart) |
| Of | 之 | zhī | jy | 之间 (between), 之前 (before), 之后 (after) |
| Experienced action marker | 过 | guò | guoh | 过去 (past), 经过 (pass through), 通过 (through/by) |
| Home | 家 | jiā | jia | 家庭 (family), 家人 (family members), 老家 (hometown) |
| To learn | 学 | xué | shyue | 学校 (school), 学习 (learn), 学生 (student) |
| To/towards | 对 | duì | duey | 对于 (regarding), 对面 (opposite), 对象 (object/partner) |
| Can | 可 | kě | kee | 可以 (can), 可能 (possible), 可爱 (cute) |
| She/her | 她 | tā | ta | 她们 (they/them, females), 她的 (her), 看她 (look at her) |
| Inside | 里 | lǐ | lii | 里面 (inside), 里边 (within), 哪里 (where) |
| After | 后 | hòu | how | 以后 (after), 后来 (later), 后面 (behind) |
| Small | 小 | xiǎo | sheau | 小心 (be careful), 小时 (hour), 小说 (novel) |
| Question particle | 么 | me | me | 什么 (what), 怎么 (how), 这么 (so/this way) |
| Heart | 心 | xīn | shin | 心情 (mood), 心脏 (heart), 小心 (careful) |
| Many/much | 多 | duō | duo | 多少 (how many/much), 多么 (how), 多亏 (thanks to) |
| Day/sky | 天 | tiān | tian | 天气 (weather), 今天 (today), 天空 (sky) |
| And/but | 而 | ér | erl | 而且 (moreover), 而已 (that's all), 而是 (rather) |
| Can | 能 | néng | neng | 能力 (ability), 不能 (cannot), 可能 (possible) |
| Good | 好 | hǎo | hao | 好吃 (delicious), 好看 (good-looking), 好像 (seem) |
| All | 都 | dōu | dou | 都好 (all good), 大都 (mostly), 都是 (all are) |
| Then/so | 然 | rán | ran | 然后 (then), 当然 (of course), 自然 (natural) |
| Not | 没 | méi | mei | 没有 (not have), 没事 (no problem), 没关系 (it's okay) |
| Day/sun | 日 | rì | ryh | 日子 (day/life), 日程 (schedule), 日记 (diary) |
| In/at | 于 | yú | yu | 于是 (therefore), 关于 (about), 于此 (herein) |
| To rise | 起 | qǐ | chii | 起来 (get up), 起床 (wake up), 起点 (starting point) |
| Still/yet | 还 | hái | hair | 还有 (also have), 还是 (or), 还行 (not bad) |
| To send | 发 | fā | fa | 发现 (discover), 发生 (happen), 发展 (develop) |
| To become | 成 | chéng | cherng | 成功 (success), 成立 (establish), 成就 (achievement) |
| Matter/thing | 事 | shì | shyh | 事情 (matter), 事件 (event), 办事 (handle affairs) |
| Only | 只 | zhǐ | jyy | 只有 (only have), 只是 (just), 只要 (as long as) |
| To do | 作 | zuò | tzuoh | 作用 (function), 作文 (composition), 作品 (work) |
| Should | 当 | dāng | dang | 当时 (at that time), 当然 (of course), 当地 (local) |
| To want/to think | 想 | xiǎng | sheang | 想法 (idea/thought), 想念 (miss), 想象 (imagine) |
| To see | 看 | kàn | kann | 看见 (see), 看法 (opinion), 看书 (read a book) |
| Culture/language | 文 | wén | wen | 文化 (culture), 文章 (article), 文字 (text) |
| No/without | 无 | wú | wu | 无论 (no matter), 无法 (unable), 无聊 (bored) |
| To start/to open | 开 | kāi | kai | 开始 (begin), 开放 (open), 开心 (happy) |
| Hand | 手 | shǒu | shoong | 手机 (cell phone), 手表 (watch), 手工 (handmade) |
| Ten | 十 | shí | shyr | 十分 (very), 十字 (cross), 十月 (October) |
| To use | 用 | yòng | yonq | 使用 (use), 用处 (use), 有用 (useful) |
| Main/master | 主 | zhǔ | juu | 主要 (main), 主题 (theme), 主人 (host) |
| To go/to do | 行 | xíng | shyng | 行为 (behavior), 行动 (action/move), 行李 (luggage) |
| Side/direction | 方 | fāng | fang | 方法 (method), 方向 (direction), 方面 (aspect) |
| Again/also | 又 | yòu | yow | 又来 (come again), 又见 (see again), 又称 (also known as) |
| Like/as | 如 | rú | ru | 如果 (if), 如此 (so/this way), 如何 (how) |
| Before/front | 前 | qián | chyan | 前面 (front), 以前 (before), 前进 (advance) |
| Place | 所 | suǒ | suoo | 所有 (all), 所以 (therefore), 所在 (location) |
| Origin/this | 本 | běn | been | 本书 (this book), 本来 (originally), 本身 (itself) |
| To see | 见 | jiàn | jiann | 见面 (meet), 看见 (see), 见证 (witness) |
| Through | 经 | jīng | jing | 经过 (pass by), 经验 (experience), 经济 (economy) |
| Head | 头 | tóu | tour | 头发 (hair), 头痛 (headache), 领头 (lead) |
| Face/side | 面 | miàn | miann | 面对 (face), 面积 (area), 表面 (surface) |
| Public | 公 | gōng | gong | 公共 (public), 公司 (company), 公平 (fair) |
| Same | 同 | tóng | torng | 同学 (classmate), 同意 (to agree), 同时 (at the same time) |
| Three | 三 | sān | san | 三角 (triangle), 三月 (March), 三明治 (sandwich) |
| Already | 已 | yǐ | yii | 已经 (already), 已然 (as it is), 已知 (known, established) |
| Old | 老 | lǎo | lao | 老师 (teacher), 老虎 (tiger), 老人 (elderly person) |
| From | 从 | cóng | tsorng | 从前 (formerly), 从来 (always), 从事 (to engage in) |
| To move | 动 | dòng | donq | 动物 (animal), 活动 (activity), 移动 (to move) |
| Two | 两 | liǎng | leang | 两边 (both sides), 两次 (twice), 两国 (two countries) |
| Long | 长 | cháng | charng | 长期 (enduring), 长城 (The Great Wall), 长度 (length) |
![\"Reading](\"https://images.contentstack.io/v3/assets/bltacc1a01c4d280f24/blt93a6dcdba73e4808/660e88db6c4a391789e4775d/china_691678482.jpg?auto=webp&format=pjpg&quality=80&\")
Chinese characters are called \"Hanzi\" (汉字) in Mandarin. The term “Hanzi” literally means “Han characters,” Han refers to the Han dynasty, a long unified period in ancient China marked by unparalleled prosperity and profound influence on Chinese culture. Each Hanzi has its own meaning and pronunciation, and the system encompasses tens of thousands of characters, although only a few thousand are commonly used in daily life.
Some are pictograms, but not all of them are. While Chinese characters are often thought to represent ideas directly through visual symbols, the reality is a bit more complex. The system includes not only pictograms but also phono-semantic characters, which combine semantic and phonetic elements. Only a small portion of characters are true pictograms, while the majority are phono-semantic compounds that provide hints about both meaning and pronunciation.
If you’ve studied Japanese before, then you might be wondering if Hanzi and Kanji are the same. While they do share a historical origin, they’ve evolved differently in the context of Chinese and Japanese languages, respectively. Hanzi is the term for the characters used in Chinese, while Kanji is the term for the characters used in Japanese, which were borrowed from Chinese and integrated into the Japanese writing system. While many Kanji have retained meanings similar to their Hanzi counterparts, their pronunciations and some of their applications have diverged, reflecting the distinct cultural and linguistic developments in Japan.
Traditionally, Chinese was written in vertical columns that were read from top to bottom and arranged from right to left across the page. This method of writing is still found in classical texts, calligraphy, and in certain formal or artistic contexts. However, in contemporary settings, especially in mainland China, the prevalent format is horizontal writing that reads from left to right, mirroring the standard in most global contexts. This shift reflects modern influences and the practicalities of integrating with international norms, though traditional vertical writing is preserved in many cultural expressions, like some Chinese New Year greetings.
No matter your level, focusing on improving your understanding of the characters will help you level up all aspects of your fluency. From reading to speaking and even listening, being able to identify the components that make up a character and make them different will give you more language clarity. In Chinese, even if two words sound exactly the same, they could have entirely different meanings if the characters are different. So, understanding Chinese characters will help you handle these situations like a pro!
If you think you understand Chinese characters a little better after reading this article, then make sure to check out the rest of our articles on our Chinese blog. We regularly publish helpful (and free!) guides on vocabulary, grammar, and cultural topics, such as our guide to the Chinese Zodiac and political vocabulary in Chinese.
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